feat: adapt the coldfront extension and pg_duckdb to PostgreSQL 19

[maqeel75]

Summary

Adds PostgreSQL 19 to the RPM/DEB matrix for pg_duckdb and the coldfront
extension. Packages only — container images stay on PG 16/17/18, since there is
no pgedge-postgres:19-* base image and Spock has no 19 build.

Changes

• coldfront.c — PG 19 made post_parse_analyze_hook's JumbleState
  argument const; the signature is now #if'd on PG_VERSION_NUM >= 190000.
• pg_duckdb pin c04e6a2 → ee7aaeb (PR #983, PG 16–19) in
  packaging/pg_duckdb/common.sh. Its DuckDB submodule is still the v1.5.4 tag,
  so the patched duckdb-iceberg extensions stay ABI-paired.
• packaging/patches/ (new) — pg_duckdb-pg19-ruleutils.patch re-syncs
  pg_duckdb's vendored PG-19 deparser with PG 19 as released (the GROUP BY ALL
  revert and ForPortionOfExpr.range_name → rangeVar); without it the
  extension does not compile against 19. apply-pg19-ruleutils-patch.sh applies
  it only for PG ≥ 19, skips when the change is already present (re-run, or
  upstream refreshing its copy), and fails loudly on patch rot.
• PG_MAX_VER passed on both formats — upstream's Makefile.global defaults
  it to 18 and hard-errors above that. In deb/debian/rules it is exported
  rather than passed per-target: dh runs clean first and dh_auto_clean's
  make distclean hits the same cap, so every PG 19 DEB cell failed before
  compiling anything.
• Regress variants cte_on_insert_2.out, param_cold_via_plpgsql_2.out —
  PG 19 renamed EXPLAIN's InitPlan identifiers ($3 → (InitPlan 3).col1 in 18
  → (InitPlan expr_1).col1 in 19). Cosmetic; the emitted SQL is identical.
• Docs updated (DUCKDB_1.5_PATCHED.md, docs/installation.md), including the
  two distinct pg_duckdb pins (packages vs. image).

Verification

• run-ci-local.sh preflight 8/8; PG 18 pg_regress 48/48 and journey 454/0.
• PG 19: pg_regress 48/48 against a real PG 19beta3 server with the built
  packages installed — extensions load and the rewrite hooks fire, not just compile.
• All four packages build on staging: pgedge-coldfront_19,
  pgedge-pg-duckdb_19 (RPM, el9) and pgedge-postgresql-19-coldfront,
  pgedge-postgresql-19-pg-duckdb (DEB, bookworm).
• Base image still builds for PG 16/17/18 at the unchanged pin.

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📒 Files selected for processing (2)

• extension/coldfront/src/coldfront.c
• packaging/patches/apply-pg19-ruleutils-patch.sh

🚧 Files skipped from review as they are similar to previous changes (2)

• extension/coldfront/src/coldfront.c
• packaging/patches/apply-pg19-ruleutils-patch.sh

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📝 Walkthrough

Walkthrough

The change adds PostgreSQL 19 support to pg_duckdb packaging. It applies a guarded ruleutils patch, passes the target PostgreSQL version to package builds, updates package pins and release detection, and documents the package-only support path.

Changes

PostgreSQL 19 packaging support

Layer / File(s)	Summary
PostgreSQL 19 compatibility changes packaging/patches/pg_duckdb-pg19-ruleutils.patch, extension/coldfront/src/coldfront.c	The ruleutils patch updates PostgreSQL 19 deparser compatibility. The Coldfront hook documentation records the const JumbleState contract for PostgreSQL 19 and later.
Patch application and build configuration packaging/patches/apply-pg19-ruleutils-patch.sh, packaging/pg_duckdb/build-deb.sh, packaging/pg_duckdb/build-rpm.sh, packaging/pg_duckdb/deb/debian/rules, packaging/pg_duckdb/rpm/pg_duckdb.spec, packaging/pg_duckdb/common.sh	The package builds apply the patch when required. Debian and RPM builds pass the target PostgreSQL major through PG_MAX_VER. The default package pin changes to the PostgreSQL 19 support commit.
Release detection and version documentation .github/workflows/release.yml, DUCKDB_1.5_PATCHED.md, docs/installation.md	Release detection includes PostgreSQL 19. Documentation separates package and base-image pins and describes the package-only PostgreSQL 19 path.

Priority: ➖ Normal

Estimated code review effort: 3 (Moderate) | ~25 minutes

Change: Feature

🚥 Pre-merge checks | ✅ 4 | ❌ 1

❌ Failed checks (1 warning)

Check name	Status	Explanation	Resolution
Docstring Coverage	⚠️ Warning	Docstring coverage is 0.00% which is insufficient. The required threshold is 80.00%. Docstring coverage is scoped to functions touched by this diff. Analyzed 2 functions across 5 files.	Write docstrings for the functions missing them to satisfy the coverage threshold.

✅ Passed checks (4 passed)

Check name	Status	Explanation
Title check	✅ Passed	The title clearly and concisely describes the main change: adapting the coldfront extension and pg_duckdb for PostgreSQL 19.
Description check	✅ Passed	The description directly explains the PostgreSQL 19 package support, code changes, packaging behavior, documentation updates, and verification results.
Linked Issues check	✅ Passed	Check skipped because no linked issues were found for this pull request.
Out of Scope Changes check	✅ Passed	Check skipped because no linked issues were found for this pull request.

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Inline comments:
In `@extension/coldfront/src/coldfront.c`:
- Line 3112: Update the comment near the hook declaration to document only the
current PostgreSQL 19+ contract: state that the hook requires a const
JumbleState argument, and remove the historical wording about the API change.

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⛔ Files ignored due to path filters (2)

• extension/coldfront/test/expected/cte_on_insert_2.out is excluded by !**/*.out
• extension/coldfront/test/expected/param_cold_via_plpgsql_2.out is excluded by !**/*.out

📒 Files selected for processing (11)

• .github/workflows/release.yml
• DUCKDB_1.5_PATCHED.md
• docs/installation.md
• extension/coldfront/src/coldfront.c
• packaging/patches/apply-pg19-ruleutils-patch.sh
• packaging/patches/pg_duckdb-pg19-ruleutils.patch
• packaging/pg_duckdb/build-deb.sh
• packaging/pg_duckdb/build-rpm.sh
• packaging/pg_duckdb/common.sh
• packaging/pg_duckdb/deb/debian/rules
• packaging/pg_duckdb/rpm/pg_duckdb.spec

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