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Awesome Comprehensive Facial Deepfake Detection Awesome

This repository provides a comprehensive investigation of advanced single-modal and multi-modal facial deepfake detection elaborated in the following survey.

From Single-modal to Multi-modal Facial Deepfake Detection: Progress and Challenges arXiv PDF

Ping Liu1 , Qiqi Tao2 , Joey Tianyi Zhou2,3

1University of Nevada, Reno
2Centre for Frontier AI Research (CFAR), A*STAR
3 Centre for Advanced Technologies in Online Safety (CATOS)

If you believe there are additional works that should be included in our list, please do not hesitate to send us an email (pingl@unr.edu/tao.qiqi@outlook.com/zhouty@cfar.a-star.edu.sg) or raise an issue. Your suggestions and comments are invaluable to ensuring the completeness and accuracy of our resource.

[2025.04] 🎉 We update a new version on arXiv, including more recent relevant works, systematic taxonomy of detection methods, and thorough discussions. Have a check on our updated survey here!

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Content

Facial Deepfake Datasets

Single-modal GAN-generated Datasets

Dataset Year Task Manipulated Modality # of real videos # of fake videos Paper Link
FaceForensics++(FF++) 2019 Classification Visual 1,000 4,000 FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Images Download
DFD 2019 Classification Visual 363 3,068 Contributing data to deepfake detection research Download
DFFD 2020 Classification Visual 1,000 3,000 On the Detection of Digital Face Manipulation Download
FaceShifter 2020 Classification Visual - 1,000 FaceShifter: Towards High Fidelity And Occlusion Aware Face Swapping Download
DFDC 2020 Classification Visual 23,654 104,500 The DeepFake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Dataset Download
Celeb-DF 2020 Classification Visual 590 5,639 Celeb-df: A large-scale challenging dataset for deepfake forensics Download
DeeperForensics-1.0 2020 Classification Visual 50,000 10,000 DeeperForensics-1.0: A Large-Scale Dataset for Real-World Face Forgery Detection Download
WildDeepfake 2020 Classification Visual 3,805 3,509 WildDeepfake: A Challenging Real-World Dataset for Deepfake Detection Download
KoDF 2020 Classification Visual 62,166 175,776 KoDF: A Large-scale Korean DeepFake Detection Dataset Download
FFIW_10k 2021 Classification & Spatial Grounding Visual 10,000 10,000 Face Forensics in the Wild Download
ForgeryNet 2021 Classification & Spatial Grounding & Temporal Grounding Visual 99,630 12,1617 Forgerynet: A versatile benchmark for comprehensive forgery analysis Download
DF-Platter 2023 Classification Visual 133,260 132,496 DF-Platter: Multi-Face Heterogeneous Deepfake Dataset Download
Celeb-DF++ 2025 Classification Visual 590 53,196 Celeb-DF++: A Large-scale Challenging Video DeepFake Benchmark for Generalizable Forensics Download
Beyond Static Artifacts 2026 Reasoning / QA Video (FS/FR) 1,000 5,000 Beyond Static Artifacts: A Forensic Benchmark for Video Deepfake Reasoning in Vision-Language Models --
CoT-Face 2026 Reasoning / QA Visual 5,953 -- EvolveReason: Self-Evolving Reasoning Paradigm for Explainable Deepfake Facial Image Identification --

Single-modal Diffusion-generated Datasets

Dataset Year Task Manipulated Modality # of real images # of fake images Paper Link
DeepFakeFace 2023 Classification Visual 30,000 90,000 Robustness and Generalizability of Deepfake Detection: A Study with Diffusion Models Download
DiFF 2024 Classification Visual 23,661 537,466 Diffusion Facial Forgery Detection Download
DiffusionFace 2024 Classification Visual 30,000 600,000 DiffusionFace: Towards a Comprehensive Dataset for Diffusion-Based Face Forgery Analysis Download
DiffusionDB-Face 2024 Classification Visual 94,120 24,794 Diffusion Deepfake Download
JourneyDB-Face 2024 Classification Visual 94,120 87,833 Diffusion Deepfake Download
TalkingHeadBench 2025 Classification Visual 2,312 2,984 Diffusion Taking Head Generation Download
DeepMoiréFake (DMF) NeurIPS 2025 Dataset and Benchmark Classification Visual 12,832 35.6 hours Through the Lens: Benchmarking Deepfake Detectors Against Moiré-Induced Distortions -

Single-modal Interpretability-oriented Datasets

Dataset Year Task Manipulated Modality # of real images # of fake images Paper Link
MMTT 2024 Classification & Explanation Visual 100,000 128,303 A Large-scale Interpretable Multi-modality Benchmark for Facial Image Forgery Localization not released yet

Multi-modal Audio-Visual Datasets

Dataset Year Task Manipulated Modality # of real videos # of fake videos Paper Link
FakeAVCeleb 2021 Classification Visual & Audio 500 19,500 FakeAVCeleb: A Novel Audio-Video Multimodal Deepfake Dataset Download
TMC 2022 Classification & Temporal Grounding Visual & Audio 2,563 4,380 Trusted Media Challenge Dataset and User Study -
LAV-DF 2022 Classification & Temporal Grounding Visual & Audio 36,431 99,873 Do You Really Mean That? Content Driven Audio-Visual Deepfake Dataset and Multimodal Method for Temporal Forgery Localization Download
DefakeAVMiT 2023 Classification Visual & Audio 540 6,480 AVoiD-DF: Audio-Visual Joint Learning for Detecting Deepfake -
AV-Deepfake1M 2023 Classification & Temporal Grounding Visual & Audio 286,721 860,039 AV-Deepfake1M: A Large-Scale LLM-Driven Audio-Visual Deepfake Dataset Download
MMDFD 2023 Classification Visual & Audio & Text 1,500 5,000 MMDFD- A Multimodal Custom Dataset for Deepfake Detection -
PolyGlotFake 2024 Classification Visual & Audio & Text 766 14,472 PolyGlotFake: A Novel Multilingual and Multimodal DeepFake Dataset Download
DeepFake-eval-2024 2025 Classification Visual & Audio 1,208 767 Deepfake-eval-2024: A multi-modal in-the-wild benchmark of deepfakes circulated in 2024 -
DDL 2025 Classification/Spatial Grounding/Temporal Grounding Visual & Audio 367K(V)/97K(A) 1.8M DDL: ADataset for Interpretable Deepfake Detection and Localization in Real-World Scenarios -
AV-Deepfake1M++ 2025 Classification & Temporal Grounding Visual & Audio 627,936 1,423,218 AV-Deepfake1M++: A Large-Scale Audio-Visual Deepfake Benchmark with Real-World Perturbations Download
DeepfakeBench-MM (Mega-MMDF) 2025 Classification Visual & Audio 580,000 1,100,000 DeepfakeBench-MM: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Multimodal Deepfake Detection -

Multi-modal Text-Visual Datasets

Dataset Year Task Manipulated Modality # of real image-text pairs # of fake image-text pairs Paper Link
DGM4 2023 Classification & Spatial Grounding & Text Grounding Visual & Text 77,426 152,574 DGM4: Detecting and Grounding Multi-Modal Media Manipulation and Beyond Download

Single-modal (Visual) Deepfake Detection

Passive Detection

Naive Detection

Visual Artifacts
  1. [arXiv 2025] Revisiting Simple Baselines for In-The-Wild Deepfake Detection Paper
  2. [arXiv 2025] From Specificity to Generality: Revisiting Generalizable Artifacts in Detecting Face Deepfakes Paper
  3. [CVPR 2024] Rethinking the Up-Sampling Operations in CNN-based Generative Network for Generalizable Deepfake Detection Paper
  4. [CVPR 2024] LAA-Net: Localized Artifact Attention Network for Quality-Agnostic and Generalizable Deepfake Detection Paper
  5. [arXiv 2024] Data-Independent Operator: A Training-Free Artifact Representation Extractor for Generalizable Deepfake Detection Paper
  6. [arXiv 2024] A Single Simple Patch is All You Need for AI-generated Image Detection Paper
  7. [TIFS 2024] GenFace: A Large-Scale ed Face Forgery Benchmark and Cross Appearance-Edge Learning Paper
  8. [TMM 2023] GLFF: Global and Local Feature Fusion for AI-synthesized Image Detection Paper
  9. [CVPRW 2023] Intriguing properties of synthetic images: from generative adversarial networks to diffusion models Paper
  10. [arXiv 2023] Diffusion Noise Feature: Accurate and Fast Generated Image Detection Paper
  11. [CVPR 2021] Multi-attentional Deepfake Detection Paper
  12. [CVPR 2020] Global Texture Enhancement for Fake Face Detection In the Wild Paper
  13. [ICCV 2019] FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Images Paper
  14. [WIFS 2018] Mesonet: a compact facial video forgery detection network Paper
Consistencies-based
  1. [NeurIPS 2025] SpeechForensics: Audio-Visual Speech Representation Learning for Face Forgery Detection Paper
  2. [CVPR 2025] Face Forgery Video Detection via Temporal Forgery Cue Unraveling Paper
  3. [arXiv 2025] VoD: Learning Volume of Differences for Video-Based Deepfake Detection Paper
  4. [arXiv 2025] GC-ConsFlow: Leveraging Optical Flow Residuals and Global Context for Robust Deepfake Detection Paper
  5. [ICASSP 2025] AUDIO-VISUAL DEEPFAKEDETECTIONWITHLOCALTEMPORALINCONSISTENCIES Paper
  6. [ICCV 2025] Vulnerability-Aware Spatio-Temporal Learning for Generalizable and Interpretable Deepfake Video Detection Paper
  7. [CVPR 2025] Generalizing Deepfake Video Detection with Plug-and-Play: Video-Level Blending and Spatiotemporal Adapter Tuning Paper
  8. [arXiv 2024] UniForensics: Face Forgery Detection via General Facial Representation Paper
  9. [ECCV 2024] Learning Natural Consistency Representation for Face Forgery Video Detection Paper
  10. [IJCV 2024] Learning Spatiotemporal Inconsistency via Thumbnail Layout for Face Deepfake Detection Paper
  11. [CVPR 2024] Exploiting Style Latent Flows for Generalizing Deepfake Video Detection Paper
  12. [arxiv 2024] Compressed Deepfake Video Detection Based on 3D Spatiotemporal Trajectories Paper
  13. [AAAI 2023] Noise based deepfake detection via multi-head relative-interaction Paper
  14. [ICCV 2023] TALL: Thumbnail Layout for Deepfake Video Detection Paper
  15. [CVPR 2023] AltFreezing for More General Video Face Forgery Detection Paper
  16. [TCSVT 2023] MRE-Net: Multi-Rate Excitation Network for Deepfake Video Detection Paper
  17. [WACV 2023] TI2Net: Temporal Identity Inconsistency Network for Deepfake Detection Paper
  18. [ACM MM Asia 2022] Latent pattern sensing: Deepfake video detection via predictive representation learning Paper
  19. [CVPR 2021] Lips don’t lie: A generalisable and robust approach to face forgery detection Paper
  20. [ICCV 2021] Exploring Temporal Coherence for More General Video Face Forgery Detection Paper
  21. [ACM MM 2020] DeepRhythm: Exposing DeepFakes with Attentional Visual Heartbeat Rhythms Paper
  22. [WIFS 2018] In Ictu Oculi: Exposing AI Created Fake Videos by Detecting Eye Blinking Paper

Advanced Detection

Input Level
Data Augmentation
  1. [ICCV 2025] Vulnerability-Aware Spatio-Temporal Learning for Generalizable Deepfake Video Detection Paper
  2. [arXiv 2025] Agent4FaceForgery:Multi-Agent LLM Framework for Realistic Face Forgery Detection Paper
  3. [CVPR 2025] D3: Scaling Up Deepfake Detection by Learning from Discrepancy Paper
  4. [CVPR 2025] Generalizing Deepfake Video Detection with Plug-and-Play: Video-Level Blending and Spatiotemporal Adapter Tuning Paper
  5. [arXiv 2025] Practical Manipulation Model for Robust Deepfake Detection Paper
  6. [WACV 2025] DiffFake: Exposing Deepfakes using Differential Anomaly Detection Paper
  7. [arXiv 2024] A Quality-Centric Framework for Generic Deepfake Detection Paper
  8. [ECCV 2024] Fake It till You Make It: Curricular Dynamic Forgery Augmentations towards General Deepfake Detection Paper
  9. [arXiv 2024] Can We Leave Deepfake Data Behind in Training Deepfake Detector? Paper
  10. [IEEE TIP 2025] ED4: Explicit Data-level Debiasing for Deepfake Detection Paper
  11. [arXiv 2024] FSBI: Deepfakes Detection with Frequency Enhanced Self-Blended Images Paper
  12. [NeurIPS 2024] FreqBlender: Enhancing DeepFake Detection by Blending Frequency Knowledge Paper
  13. [CVPR 2024] Transcending Forgery Specificity with Latent Space Augmentation for Generalizable Deepfake Detection Paper
  14. [ICCV 2023] SeeABLE: Soft Discrepancies and Bounded Contrastive Learning for Exposing Deepfakes Paper
  15. [CVPR 2022] Detecting Deepfakes with Self-Blended Images Paper
  16. [CVPR 2022] Self-supervised Learning of Adversarial Example: Towards Good Generalizations for Deepfake Detection Paper
  17. [CVPR 2021] Representative Forgery Mining for Fake Face Detecti Paper
  18. [ICCV 2021] Learning Self-Consistency for Deepfake Detection Paper
Frequency-space Based
  1. [arXiv 2026] Unveiling Deepfakes: A Frequency-Aware Triple Branch Network for Deepfake Detection Paper
  2. [arXiv 2026] Phase4DFD: Multi-Domain Phase-Aware Attention for Deepfake Detection Paper
  3. [AAAI 2026] Open-World Deepfake Attribution via Confidence-Aware Asymmetric Learning Paper
  4. [ACM MM 2025] SpecXNet: A Dual-Domain Convolutional Network for Robust Deepfake Detection Paper
  5. [arXiv 2025] Forgery Guided Learning Strategy with Dual Perception Network for Deepfake Cross-domain Detection Paper
  6. [ICCV 2025] Beyond Spatial Frequency: Pixel-wise Temporal Frequency-based Deepfake Video Detection Paper
  7. [CVPR 2025] FreqDebias: Towards Generalizable Deepfake Detection via Consistency-Driven Frequency Debiasing Paper
  8. [arXiv 2025] Towards Generalizable Deepfake Detection with Spatial-Frequency Collaborative Learning and Hierarchical Cross-Modal Fusion Paper
  9. [arXiv 2025] Generalizable Deepfake Detection via Effective Local-Global Feature Extraction Paper
  10. [arXiv 2025] WMamba: Wavelet-based Mamba for Face Forgery Detection Paper
  11. [WACV Workshop 2025] Wavelet-Driven Generalizable Framework for Deepfake Face Forgery Detection Paper
  12. [arXiv 2024] Multiple Contexts and Frequencies Aggregation Network for Deepfake Detection Paper
  13. [AAAI 2024] Frequency-Aware Deepfake Detection: Improving Generalizability through Frequency Space Learning Paper
  14. [ICASSP 2024] Frequency Masking for Universal Deepfake Detection Paper
  15. [CVPR 2023] Dynamic Graph Learning with Content-guided Spatial-Frequency Relation Reasoning for Deepfake Detection Paper
  16. [AAAI 2022] FrePGAN: Robust Deepfake Detection Using Frequency-level Perturbations Paper
  17. [AAAI 2022] ADD: Frequency Attention and Multi-View based Knowledge Distillation to Detect Low-Quality Compressed Deepfake Images Paper
  18. [CVPR 2021] Spatial-Phase Shallow Learning: Rethinking Face Forgery Detection in Frequency Domain Paper
  19. [CVPR 2021] Generalizing Face Forgery Detection with High-frequency Features Paper
  20. [CVPR 2021] Frequency-aware Discriminative Feature Learning Supervised by Single-Center Loss for Face Forgery Detection Paper
  21. [AAAI 2021] Local Relation Learning for Face Forgery Detection Paper
  22. [ECCV 2020] Thinking in Frequency: Face Forgery Detection by Mining Frequency-aware Clues Paper
Model Level
Transformer-based
  1. [IEEE TPAMI 2026] Revisiting Face Forgery Detection: From Facial Representation to Forgery Detection Paper [Pre-training/Fine-tuning]
  2. [arXiv 2026] Deepfake Forensics Adapter: A Dual-Stream Network for Generalizable Deepfake Detection Paper [CLIP/Adapter]
  3. [arXiv 2026] From Spurious to Causal: Low-rank Orthogonal Subspace Intervention for Generalizable Face Forgery Detection Paper [Causal Debiasing/Subspace Intervention]
  4. [arXiv 2026] Fusion-SSAT: Unleashing the Potential of Self-supervised Auxiliary Task by Feature Fusion for Generalized Deepfake Detection Paper [cross domain/self supervised]
  5. [ICCV 2025] Seeing Through Deepfakes: A Human-Inspired Framework for Multi-Face Detection Paper
  6. [IEEE TMM 2025] Patch-Discontinuity Mining for Generalized Deepfake Detection Paper
  7. [WACV 2026] Deepfake Detection that Generalizes Across Benchmarks Paper Code
  8. [ICCV 2025] FakeRadar:Probing Forgery Outliers to Detect Unknown Deepfake Videos Paper
  9. [arXiv 2025] Open Set Face Forgery Detection via Dual-Level Evidence Collection Paper
  10. [arXiv 2025] OmniFD: A Unified Model for Versatile Face Forgery Detection Paper
  11. [NeurIPS 2025] DevFD: Developmental Face Forgery Detection by Learning Shared and Orthogonal LoRA Subspaces Paper
  12. [arXiv 2025] Leveraging Failed Samples: A Few-Shot and Training-Free Framework for Generalized Deepfake Detection Paper
  13. [arXiv 2025] Deepfake Detection that Generalizes Across Benchmarks Paper
  14. [ACM MM 2025] From Prediction to Explanation: Multimodal, Explainable, and Class (Real/Fake) Interactive Deepfake Detection Framework for Non-Expert Users Paper
  15. [CVPR 2025] Towards More General Video-based Deepfake Detection through Facial Component Guided Adaptation for Foundation Model Paper
  16. [arXiv 2025] Robust AI-Generated Face Detection with Imbalanced Data Paper
  17. [arXiv 2025] Detecting Lip-Syncing Deepfakes: Vision Temporal Transformer for Analyzing Mouth Inconsistencies Paper
  18. [CVPR Workshop 2025] Detecting Localized Deepfake Manipulations Using Action Unit-Guided Video Representations Paper
  19. [arXiv 2025] Unlocking the Hidden Potential of CLIP in Generalizable Deepfake Detection Paper | Code
  20. [arXiv 2025] Deepfake Detection via Knowledge Injection Paper
  21. [AAAI 2025] Exploring Unbiased Deepfake Detection via Token-Level Shuffling and Mixing Paper
  22. [PR 2025] Distilled Transformers with Locally Enhanced Global Representations for Face Forgery Detection Paper
  23. [AAAI 2025] Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Reprogramming Visual-Language Model for General Deepfake Detection Paper
  24. [CVPR 2025] Forensics Adapter: Adapting CLIP for Generalizable Face Forgery Detection Paper
  25. [CVPR 2025] Towards a Universal Synthetic Video Detector: From Face or Background Manipulations to Fully AI-Generated Content Paper
  26. [IJCV 2025] DeepFake-Adapter: Dual-Level Adapter for DeepFake Detection Paper
  27. [IEEE TCSVT 2024] Forgery-aware Adaptive Learning with Vision Transformer for Generalized Face Forgery Detection Paper
  28. [arXiv 2024] Understanding and Improving Training-Free AI-Generated Image Detections with Vision Foundation Models Paper
  29. [TMM 2024] DIP: Diffusion Learning of Inconsistency Pattern for General DeepFake Detection Paper
  30. [arXiv 2024] FakeFormer: Efficient Vulnerability-Driven Transformers for Generalisable Deepfake Detection Paper
  31. [arXiv 2024] HARNESSING WAVELET TRANSFORMATIONS FOR GENERALIZABLE DEEPFAKE FORGERY DETECTION Paper
  32. [arXiv 2024] Face Forgery Detection with Elaborate Backbone Paper
  33. [arXiv 2024] Guided and Fused: Efficient Frozen CLIP-ViT with Feature Guidance and Multi-Stage Feature Fusion for Generalizable Deepfake Detection Paper
  34. [arXiv 2024] Open-Set Deepfake Detection: A Parameter-Efficient Adaptation Method with Forgery Style Mixture Paper
  35. [arXiv 2024] A Timely Survey on Vision Transformer for Deepfake Detection Paper
  36. [arXiv 2024] Exploring Self-Supervised Vision Transformers for Deepfake Detection: A Comparative Analysis Paper
  37. [arXiv 2024] Mixture of Low-rank Experts for Transferable AI-Generated Image Detection Paper
  38. [IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing 2025] MoE-FFD: Mixture of Experts for Generalized and Parameter-Efficient Face Forgery Detection Paper
  39. [CVPR 2023] AUNet: Learning Relations Between Action Units for Face Forgery Detection Paper
  40. [ACM MM 2023] UMMAFormer: A Universal Multimodal-adaptive Transformer Framework for Temporal Forgery Localization Paper
  41. [ICCVW 2023] Undercover Deepfakes: Detecting Fake Segments in Video Paper
  42. [MIPR 2023] Enhancing General Face Forgery Detection via Vision Transformer with Low-Rank Adaptation Paper
VLM-based
  1. [CVPR 2026] Unleashing Vision-Language Semantics for Deepfake Video Detection Paper
  2. [arXiv 2026] VIGIL: Part-Grounded Structured Reasoning for Generalizable Deepfake Detection Paper [Planner/Reasoning]
  3. [arXiv 2026] EvolveReason: Self-Evolving Reasoning Paradigm for Explainable Deepfake Facial Image Identification Paper [Explainable Reasoning]
  4. [arXiv 2026] MARE: Multimodal Alignment and Reinforcement for Explainable Deepfake Detection via Vision-Language Models Paper [Multimodal Alignment/Explainable Reasoning]
  5. [AAAI 2026] Fine-Grained DINO Tuning with Dual Supervision for Face Forgery Detection Paper
  6. [arXiv 2025] Fake-in-Facext: Towards Fine-Grained Explainable DeepFake Analysis Paper
  7. [arXiv 2025] When Deepfakes Look Real: Detecting AI-Generated Faces with Unlabeled Data due to Annotation Challenges Paper
  8. [ICMLW 2025] Visual Language Models as Zero-Shot Deepfake Detectors Paper
  9. [arXiv 2025] MGFFD-VLM:Multi-Granularity Prompt Learning for Face Forgery Detection with VLM Paper
  10. [IJCAI 2025] CorrDetail: Visual Detail Enhanced Self-Correction for Face Forgery Detection Paper
  11. [arXiv 2025] AvatarShield: Visual Reinforcement Learning for Human-Centric Video Forgery Detection Paper
  12. [ICLR 2025] FakeShield: Explainable Image Forgery Detection and Localization via Multi-modal Large Language Models Paper
  13. [ICML 2025] Unlocking the Capabilities of Vision-Language Models for Generalizable and Explainable Deepfake Detection Paper
  14. [arXiv 2025] LLMs Are Not Yet Ready for Deepfake Image Detection Paper
  15. [arXiv 2025] MLLM-Enhanced Face Forgery Detection: A Vision-Language Fusion Solution Paper
  16. [CVPR 2025] Rethinking Vision-Language Model in Face Forensics: Multi-Modal Interpretable Forged Face Detector Paper
  17. [CVPR Workshop 2024] Can Multi-Modal (Reasoning) LLMs Work as Deepfake Detectors Paper
  18. [arXiv 2025] TruthLens: A Training-Free Paradigm for DeepFake Detection Paper
  19. [CVPR 2025] Towards General Visual-Linguistic Face Forgery Detection Paper
  20. [arXiv 2025] Knowledge-Guided Prompt Learning for Deepfake Facial Image Detection Paper
  21. [arXiv 2025] Towards Interactive Deepfake Analysis Paper
  22. [WACV 2025] DeCLIP: Decoding CLIP representations for deepfake localization Paper
  23. [Visual Intelligence 2025] SHIELD: An Evaluation Benchmark for Face Spoofing and Forgery Detection with Multimodal Large Language Models Paper
  24. [arXiv 2024] A Large-scale Interpretable Multi-modality Benchmark for Facial Image Forgery Localization Paper
  25. [arXiv 2024] Nearly Solved? Robust Deepfake Detection Requires More than Visual Forensics Paper
  26. [arXiv 2024] ForgeryGPT: Multimodal Large Language Model For Explainable Image Forgery Detection and Localization Paper
  27. [ACCV 2024] DPL: Cross-quality DeepFake Detection via Dual Progressive Learning Paper
  28. [arXiv 2024] X2-DFD: A FRAMEWORK FOR EXPLAINABLE AND EXTENDABLE DEEPFAKE DETECTION Paper
  29. [arXiv 2024] MFCLIP: Multi-modal Fine-grained CLIP for Generalizable Diffusion Face Forgery Detection Paper
  30. [arXiv 2024] FFAA: Multimodal Large Language Model based Explainable Open-World Face Forgery Analysis Assistant Paper
  31. [arXiv 2024] C2P-CLIP: Injecting Category Common Prompt in CLIP to Enhance Generalization in Deepfake Detection Paper
  32. [arXiv 2024] GM-DF: Generalized Multi-Scenario Deepfake Detection Paper
  33. [arXiv 2024] Towards More General Video-based Deepfake Detection through Facial Feature Guided Adaptation for Foundation Model Paper
  34. [arXiv 2024] FakeBench: Uncover the Achilles' Heels of Fake Images with Large Multimodal Models Paper
  35. [CVPR Workshop 2024] Can ChatGPT Detect DeepFakes? A Study of Using Multimodal Large Language Models for Media Forensics Paper
  36. [ECCV 2024] Common Sense Reasoning for Deepfake Detection Paper
  37. [ACM ICMRW 2024] Towards Quantitative Evaluation of Explainable AI Methods for Deepfake Detection Paper
  38. [arxiv 2023] Generalized Face Forgery Detection via Adaptive Learning for Pre-trained Vision Transformer Paper
Learning Level
Domain Gap Mitigation
  1. [arXiv 2025] A Sanity Check for Multi-In-Domain Face Forgery Detection in the Real World Paper
Advanced Loss
  1. [ICCV 2025] Bi-Level Optimization for Self-Supervised AI-Generated Face Detection Paper
  2. [CVPR 2025] FSFM: A Generalizable Face Security Foundation Model via Self-Supervised Facial Representation Learning Paper
  3. [CVPR 2025] Stacking Brick by Brick: Aligned Feature Isolation for Incremental Face Forgery Detection Paper
  4. [IJCAI 2025] THINK TWICE BEFORE ADAPTATION: IMPROVING ADAPTABILITY OF DEEPFAKE DETECTION VIA ONLINE TEST-TIME ADAPTATION Paper
  5. [IJCAI 2025] Learning Real Facial Concepts for Independent Deepfake Detection Paper
  6. [arXiv 2024] Securing Social Media Against Deepfakes using Identity, Behavioral, and Geometric Signatures Paper
  7. [ToMM 2024] Domain-invariant and Patch-discriminative Feature Learning for General Deepfake Detection Paper
  8. [ICME 2023] Domain-Invariant Feature Learning for General Face Forgery Detection Paper
  9. [ICDM 2023] Concentric Ring Loss for Face Forgery Detection Paper
Disentangled Representation
  1. [arXiv 2024] Capture Artifacts via Progressive Disentangling and Purifying Blended Identities for Deepfake Detection Paper
  2. [CVPR 2024] Preserving Fairness Generalization in Deepfake Detection Paper
  3. [BMVC 2024] Decoupling Forgery Semantics for Generalizable Deepfake Detection Paper
  4. [arXiv 2023] Improving Cross-dataset Deepfake Detection with Deep Information Decomposition Paper
  5. [ICCV 2023] UCF: Uncovering Common Features for Generalizable Deepfake Detection Paper
  6. [ECCV 2022] Exploring Disentangled Content Information for Face Forgery Detection Paper
Reconstruction
  1. [CVPR 2023] MARLIN: Masked Autoencoder for facial video Representation LearnINg Paper
  2. [CVPR 2022] End-to-End Reconstruction-Classification Learning for Face Forgery Detection Paper
  3. [IJCAI 2021] Beyond the Spectrum: Detecting Deepfakes via Re-Synthesis Paper
  4. [CVPRW 2020] OC-FakeDect: Classifying Deepfakes Using One-class Variational Autoencoder Paper
Manipulation Localization
  1. [CVPR 2024] EditGuard: Versatile Image Watermarking for Tamper Localization and Copyright Protection Paper
  2. [WACV 2024] Weakly-supervised deepfake localization in diffusion-generated images Paper
  3. [IJCAI 2024] Delocate: Detection and Localization for Deepfake Videos with Randomly-Located Tampered Traces Paper
  4. [CVPR 2023] MaLP: Manipulation Localization Using a Proactive Scheme Paper
  5. [CVPR 2023] Implicit Identity Leakage: The Stumbling Block to Improving Deepfake Detection Generalization Paper
  6. [ACM MM 2023] Locate and Verify: A Two-Stream Network for Improved Deepfake Detection Paper
  7. [CVPR 2020] Face X-ray for More General Face Forgery Detection Paper
  8. [CVPR 2020] On the Detection of Digital Face Manipulation Paper
Identity Discrepancy
  1. [arXiv 2025] SELFI: Selective Fusion of Identity for Generalizable Deepfake Detection Paper
  2. [NeurIPS 2024] DiffusionFake: Enhancing Generalization in Deepfake Detection via Guided Stable Diffusion Paper
  3. [CVPR 2023] Implicit Identity Driven Deepfake Face Swapping Detection Paper
  4. [CVPR 2022] Protecting Celebrities from DeepFake with Identity Consistency Transformer Paper
  5. [TPAMI 2021] DeepFake Detection Based on Discrepancies Between Faces and Their Context Paper
  6. [ICCV 2021] ID-Reveal: Identity-aware DeepFake Video Detection Paper
Knowledge Distillation
  1. [IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 2024] DomainForensics: Exposing Face Forgery across Domains via Bi-directional Adaptation Paper
  2. [AAAI 2022] ADD: Frequency Attention and Multi-View based Knowledge Distillation to Detect Low-Quality Compressed Deepfake Images Paper
  3. [ACM MM 2021] CoReD: Generalizing Fake Media Detection with Continual Representation using Distillation Paper
  4. [CVPRW 2021] FReTAL: Generalizing Deepfake Detection using Knowledge Distillation and Representation Learning Paper
  5. [Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision 2015] Sliced and Radon Wasserstein Barycenters of Measures Paper
Fine-grained Prediction
  1. [IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 2025] Semantics-Oriented Multitask Learning for DeepFake Detection: A Joint Embedding Approach Paper
  2. [ToMM 2024] Mastering Deepfake Detection: A Cutting-Edge Approach to Distinguish GAN and Diffusion-Model Images Paper
  3. [CVPR 2023] Hierarchical Fine-Grained Image Forgery Detection and Localization Paper
  4. [ICCV 2023] Controllable Guide-Space for Generalizable Face Forgery Detection Paper
World Consistency
  1. [ICLR 2026] Exploring specular reflection inconsistency for generalizable face forgery detection Paper [Physics-inspired forensic cue mining/Reflection]
Diffusion Model Detection
  1. [arXiv 2026] Deepfake Detection Generalization with Diffusion Noise Paper
  2. [arXiv 2025] DiffusionFF: Face Forgery Detection via Diffusion-based Artifact Localization Paper
  3. [arXiv 2024] On the Effectiveness of Dataset Alignment for Fake Image Detection Paper
  4. [CVPR 2024] LaRE^2: Latent Reconstruction Error Based Method for Diffusion-Generated Image Detection Paper
  5. [VISAPP 2024] Towards the Detection of Diffusion Model Deepfakes Paper
  6. [ACM MM 2024] Diffusion Facial Forgery Detection Paper
  7. [ICCV 2023] DIRE for Diffusion-Generated Image Detection Paper
  8. [ICASSP 2023] On the detection of synthetic images generated by diffusion models Paper
  9. [ICMLW 2023] Exposing the Fake: Effective Diffusion-Generated Images Detection Paper
Sequential Deepfake Detection
  1. [arXiv 2026] AIFIND: Artifact-Aware Interpreting Fine-Grained Alignment for Incremental Face Forgery Detection Paper
  2. [arXiv 2026] Face-D2CL: Multi-Domain Synergistic Representation with Dual Continual Learning for Facial DeepFake Detection Paper
  3. [ICCV 2025] Generalization-Preserved Learning: Closing the Backdoor to Catastrophic Forgetting in Continual Deepfake Detection Paper
  4. [arXiv 2025] When Generative Replay Meets Evolving Deepfakes: Domain-Aware Relative Weighting for Incremental Face Forgery Detection Paper
  5. [arXiv 2025] FakeChain:ExposingShallowCuesinMulti-StepDeepfake Detection Paper
  6. [arXiv 2025] SEED: A Benchmark Dataset for Sequential Facial Attribute Editing with Diffusion Models Paper
  7. [ECCV 2022] Detecting and Recovering Sequential DeepFake Manipulation Paper
  8. [IJCV 2025] Robust Sequential DeepFake Detection Paper
  9. [CVPR 2024] Contrastive Learning for DeepFake Classification and Localization via Multi-Label Ranking Paper
  10. [TIFS 2024] Multi-Collaboration and Multi-Supervision Network for Sequential Deepfake Detection Resources Paper
  11. [Transactions on Consumer Electronics 2024] Detecting Sequential Deepfake Manipulation via Spectral With Pyramid Attention in Consumer IoT Paper

Proactive Detection

Proactive Methods for GANs

  1. [arXiv 2026] ID-Eraser:ProactiveDefenseAgainstFaceSwappingviaIdentity Perturbation Paper
  2. [arXiv 2025] DeepForgeSeal: Latent Space-Driven Semi-Fragile Watermarking for Deepfake Detection Using Multi-Agent Adversarial Reinforcement Learning Paper
  3. [IEEE SMC 2025] Defending Deepfake via Texture Feature Perturbation Paper
  4. [arXiv 2025] Boosting Active Defense Persistence: A Two-Stage Defense Framework Combining Interruption and Poisoning Against Deepfake Paper
  5. [ICCV 2025] NullSwap: Proactive Identity Cloaking Against Deepfake Face Swapping Paper
  6. [arXiv 2025] Towards Generalized Proactive Defense against Face Swapping with Contour-Hybrid Watermark Paper
  7. [arXiv 2025] Guard Me If You Know Me: Protecting Specific Face-Identity from Deepfakes Paper
  8. [IEEE SPL 2025] Big Brother is Watching: Proactive Deepfake Detection via Learnable Hidden Face Paper
  9. [arXiv 2025] FaceSwapGuard: Safeguarding Facial Privacy from DeepFake Threats through Identity Obfuscation Paper
  10. [IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing 2025] Hiding Faces in Plain Sight: Defending DeepFakes by Disrupting Face Detection Paper
  11. [arXiv 2024] Facial Features Matter: a Dynamic Watermark based Proactive Deepfake Detection Approach Paper
  12. [IEEE PAMI 2025] ID-Guard: A Universal Framework for Combating Facial Manipulation via Breaking Identification Paper
  13. [IJCAI 2024] Are Watermarks Bugs for Deepfake Detectors? Rethinking Proactive Forensics Paper
  14. [TIFS 2024] Dual Defense: Adversarial, Traceable, and Invisible Robust Watermarking against Face Swapping Paper
  15. [CVPR 2023] MaLP: Manipulation Localization Using a Proactive Scheme Paper
  16. [ACM MM 2023] SepMark: Deep Separable Watermarking for Unified Source Tracing and Deepfake Detection Paper
  17. [arXiv 2023] Feature Extraction Matters More: Universal Deepfake Disruption through Attacking Ensemble Feature Extractors Paper
  18. [arXiv 2023] Robust Identity Perceptual Watermark Against Deepfake Face Swapping Paper
  19. [CVPR 2022] Proactive Image Manipulation Detection Paper
  20. [ICLR 2022] Responsible Disclosure of Generative Models Using Scalable Fingerprinting Paper
  21. [ECCV 2022] TAFIM: Targeted Adversarial Attacks against Facial Image Manipulations Paper
  22. [AAAI 2022] CMUA-Watermark: A Cross-Model Universal Adversarial Watermark for Combating Deepfake Paper
  23. [IJCAI 2022] Anti-Forgery: Towards a Stealthy and Robust DeepFake Disruption Attack via Adversarial Perceptual-aware Perturbations Paper
  24. [AAAI 2021] Initiative Defense against Facial Manipulation Paper
  25. [CVPRW 2020] Disrupting Deepfakes: Adversarial Attacks Against Conditional Image Translation Networks and Facial Manipulation Systems Paper
  26. [WACVW 2020] Disrupting Image-Translation-Based DeepFake Algorithms with Adversarial Attacks Paper

Proactive Methods for Diffusion Models

  1. [CVPR 2025] Silence is Golden: Leveraging Adversarial Examples to Nullify Audio Control in LDM-based Talking-Head Generation Paper
  2. [CVPR 2025] Edit Away and My Face Will not Stay: Personal Biometric Defense against Malicious Generative Editing Paper
  3. [arxiv 2025] My Face Is Mine, Not Yours: Facial Protection Against Diffusion Model Face Swapping Paper
  4. [ACM MM 2025] FractalForensics: Proactive Deepfake Detection and Localization via Fractal Watermarks Paper
  5. [ICCV 2025] FaceShield: Defending Facial Image against Deepfake Threats Paper
  6. [ICLR 2024] DIAGNOSIS: Detecting Unauthorized Data Usages in Text-to-image Diffusion Models Paper
  7. [NeurIPSW 2024] DiffusionShield: A Watermark for Data Copyright Protection against Generative Diffusion Models Paper
  8. [ICCV 2023] The Stable Signature: Rooting Watermarks in Latent Diffusion Models Paper
  9. [TPS-ISA 2023] Invisible Watermarking for Audio Generation Diffusion Models Paper
  10. [arXiv 2023] A Recipe for Watermarking Diffusion Models Paper
  11. [arXiv 2023] LEAT: Towards Robust Deepfake Disruption in Real-World Scenarios via Latent Ensemble Attack Paper

Multi-modal Deepfake Detection

Audio-Visual Deepfake Detection

Independent Learning

  1. [arXiv 2025] Do You See What I Say? Generalizable Deepfake Detection based on Visual Speech Recognition Paper
  2. [ACM MM 2025] KLASSify to Verify: Audio-Visual Deepfake Detection Using SSL-based Audio and Handcrafted Visual Features Paper
  3. [ACM MM 2025] Pindrop it! Audio and Visual Deepfake Countermeasures for Robust Detection and Fine Grained-Localization Paper
  4. [Applied Soft Computing 2023] AVFakeNet: A unified end-to-end Dense Swin deep learning model for audio–visual​ deepfakes detection Paper
  5. [APSIPA ASC 2022] Multimodal Forgery Detection Using Ensemble Learning Paper
  6. [ICCV 2021] Joint Audio-Visual Deepfake Detection Paper
  7. [ACM MMW 2021] Evaluation of an Audio-Video Multimodal Deepfake Dataset using Unimodal and Multimodal Detectors Paper

Joint Learning

Intermediate Fusion
Cross-Attention
  1. [arXiv 2025] Localizing Audio-Visual Deepfakes via Hierarchical Boundary Modeling Paper
  2. [arXiv 2025] HOLA: Enhancing Audio-visual Deepfake Detection via Hierarchical Contextual Aggregations and Efficient Pre-training Paper
  3. [arXiv 2025] A Multimodal Deviation Perceiving Framework for Weakly-Supervised Temporal Forgery Localization Paper
  4. [ACM MM 2024]FRADE: Forgery-aware Audio-distilled Multimodal Learning for Deepfake Detection Paper
  5. [BMVC 2024] Detecting Audio-Visual Deepfakes with Fine-Grained Inconsistencies Paper
  6. [arXiv 2024] Contextual Cross-Modal Attention for Audio-Visual Deepfake Detection and Localization Paper
  7. [TIFS 2023] AVoiD-DF: Audio-Visual Joint Learning for Detecting Deepfake Paper
  8. [arXiv 2022] An Audio-Visual Attention Based Multimodal Network for Fake Talking Face Videos Detection Paper
  9. [ICCV 2021] Joint Audio-Visual Deepfake Detection Paper
Regularization
  1. [arXiv 2025] Towards Generalizable Deepfake Detection via Forgery-aware Audio-Visual Adaptation: A Variational Bayesian Approach Paper
Late Fusion
Concatenation & Addition
  1. [arXiv 2024] Integrating Audio-Visual Features for Multimodal Deepfake Detection Paper
  2. [arXiv 2024] AVT2-DWF: Improving Deepfake Detection with Audio-Visual Fusion and Dynamic Weighting Strategies Paper
  3. [Image Communication 2023] Magnifying multimodal forgery clues for Deepfake detection Paper
  4. [arXiv 2023] DF-TransFusion: Multimodal Deepfake Detection via Lip-Audio Cross-Attention and Facial Self-Attention Paper
  5. [DICTA 2022] Do You Really Mean That? Content Driven Audio-Visual Deepfake Dataset and Multimodal Method for Temporal Forgery Localization Paper
  6. [APSIPA ASC 2022] Multimodal Forgery Detection Using Ensemble Learning Paper
  7. [ACM MMW 2021] Evaluation of an Audio-Video Multimodal Deepfake Dataset using Unimodal and Multimodal Detectors Paper
Attention
  1. [ICASSP 2024] Cross-Modality and Within-Modality Regularization for Audio-Visual DeepFake Detection Paper
  2. [arXiv 2024] AVT2-DWF: Improving Deepfake Detection with Audio-Visual Fusion and Dynamic Weighting Strategies Paper
  3. [arXiv 2023] MIS-AVoiDD: Modality Invariant and Specific Representation for Audio-Visual Deepfake Detection Paper
MLP Mixer Layer
  1. [CVPRW 2023] Multimodaltrace: Deepfake Detection using Audiovisual Representation Learning Paper
Multi-task Strategy
  1. [arXiv 2025] Weakly Supervised Multimodal Temporal Forgery Localization via Multitask Learning Paper
  2. [AAAI 2025] Multi-modal Deepfake Detection via Multi-task Audio-Visual Prompt Learning Paper
  3. [arXiv 2024] DiMoDif: Discourse Modality-information Differentiation for Audio-visual Deepfake Detection and Localization Paper
  4. [ICME 2024] Explicit Correlation Learning for Generalizable Cross-Modal Deepfake Detection Paper
  5. [TIFS 2023] AVoiD-DF: Audio-Visual Joint Learning for Detecting Deepfake Paper
  6. [CVPRW 2023] Multimodaltrace: Deepfake Detection using Audiovisual Representation Learning Paper
  7. [arXiv 2024] Integrating Audio-Visual Features for Multimodal Deepfake Detection Paper
  8. [ICCV 2021] Joint Audio-Visual Deepfake Detection Paper
Advanced Representation
  1. [CVPR 2026 Findings] Leave No Stone Unturned: Uncovering Holistic Audio-Visual Intrinsic Coherence for Deepfake Detection Paper [Self-supervised Learning/Holistic Coherence]
  2. [ICMR 2025] Multiscale Adaptive Conflict-Balancing Model For Multimedia Deepfake Detection Paper
  3. [ICASSP 2024] Cross-Modality and Within-Modality Regularization for Audio-Visual DeepFake Detection Paper
  4. [TIFS 2023] AVoiD-DF: Audio-Visual Joint Learning for Detecting Deepfake Paper
  5. [TCSVT 2023] MCL: Multimodal Contrastive Learning for Deepfake Detection Paper
  6. [Image Communication 2023] Magnifying multimodal forgery clues for Deepfake detection Paper
  7. [arXiv 2023] MIS-AVoiDD: Modality Invariant and Specific Representation for Audio-Visual Deepfake Detection Paper

Matching-based Learning

  1. [ICASSP 2026] Leveraging large multimodal models for audio-video deepfake detection: a pilot study Paper [Large Multimodal Model/QA]
  2. [arXiv 2026] ExposeAnyone: Personalized Audio-to-Expression Diffusion Models Are Robust Zero-Shot Face Forgery Detectors Paper [Self-supervised/Identity-aware/Adapter/Matching-based]
  3. [WACV 2026] AuViRe: Audio-visual Speech Representation Reconstruction for Deepfake Temporal Localization Paper
  4. [arxiv 2025] Circumventing shortcuts in audio-visual deepfake detection datasets with unsupervised learning Paper
  5. [ICIP 2024] Statistics-aware Audio-visual Deepfake Detector Paper
  6. [ToMM 2023] Voice-Face Homogeneity Tells Deepfake Paper
  7. [arXiv 2023] Unsupervised Multimodal Deepfake Detection Using Intra- and Cross-Modal Inconsistencies Paper

Others

  1. [arxiv 2025] FauForensics: Boosting Audio-Visual Deepfake Detection with Facial Action Units Paper
  2. [arXiv 2024] Circumventing shortcuts in audio-visual deepfake detection datasets with unsupervised learning Paper
  3. [CVPR 2024] AVFF: Audio-Visual Feature Fusion for Video Deepfake Detection Paper
  4. [CVPR 2023] Self-Supervised Video Forensics by Audio-Visual Anomaly Detection Paper
  5. [ToMM 2023] Multimodal Neurosymbolic Approach for Explainable Deepfake Detection Paper
  6. [TCSVT 2023] PVASS-MDD: Predictive Visual-audio Alignment Self-supervision for Multimodal Deepfake Detection Paper
  7. [CVPRW 2023] Audio-Visual Person-of-Interest DeepFake Detection Paper

Visual-Text Deepfake Detection

  1. [CVPR 2026] The Coherence Trap: When MLLM-Crafted Narratives Exploit Manipulated Visual Contexts Paper [reasoning]
  2. [arXiv 2026] ProcessOverOutcome: Cultivating Forensic Reasoning for Generalizable Multimodal Manipulation Detection Paper [reasoning]
  3. [arXiv 2025] Fine-grained Multiple Supervisory Network for Multi-modal Manipulation Detecting and Grounding Paper [detection/grounding]
  4. [arXiv 2025] M4-BLIP: Advancing Multi-Modal Media Manipulation Detection through Face-Enhanced Local Analysis Paper
  5. [arXiv 2024] ASAP: Advancing Semantic Alignment Promotes Multi-Modal Manipulation Detecting and Grounding Paper
  6. [TPAMI 2024] Detecting and Grounding Multi-Modal Media Manipulation and Beyond Paper
  7. [ICASSP 2024] Exploiting Modality-Specific Features For Multi-Modal Manipulation Detection And Grounding Paper
  8. [ICME 2024] Counterfactual Explanations for Face Forgery Detection via Adversarial Removal of Artifacts Paper
  9. [arXiv 2023] Unified Frequency-Assisted Framework for Detecting and Grounding Multi-Modal Manipulation Paper
  10. [CVPR 2023] Detecting and Grounding Multi-Modal Media Manipulation Paper

Challenge

  1. [ACM MM 2024] 1M-Deepfakes Detection Challenge Paper

Trustworthy Deepfake Detection

Adversarial Attack

  1. [arXiv 2026] Deepfake detectors are DUMB: A benchmark to assess adversarial training robustness under transferability constraints Paper
  2. [IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing 2025] Hiding Faces in Plain Sight: Defending DeepFakes by Disrupting Face Detection Paper Code
  3. [arXiv 2025] Uncovering and Mitigating Destructive Multi-Embedding Attacks in Deepfake Proactive Forensics Paper
  4. [ECCVW 2024] Exploring Strengths and Weaknesses of Super-Resolution Attack in Deepfake Detection Paper
  5. [arXiv 2024] Adversarial Magnification to Deceive Deepfake Detection through Super Resolution Paper
  6. [AAAI 2024] TraceEvader: Making DeepFakes More Untraceable via Evading the Forgery Model Attribution Paper
  7. [ICASSP 2024] AdvShadow: Evading DeepFake Detection via Adversarial Shadow Attack Paper
  8. [CVPR 2023] Evading Forensic Classifiers with Attribute-Conditioned Adversarial Faces Paper
  9. [ICCV 2023] Frequency-aware GAN for Adversarial Manipulation Generation Paper
  10. [TCSVT 2023] Dodging DeepFake Detection via Implicit Spatial-Domain Notch Filtering Paper
  11. [arXiv 2023] Exploring Decision-based Black-box Attacks on Face Forgery Detection Paper
  12. [arXiv 2023] Exploring Decision-based Black-box Attacks on Face Forgery Detection Paper
  13. [arXiv 2023] AVA: Inconspicuous Attribute Variation-based Adversarial Attack bypassing DeepFake Detection Paper
  14. [arXiv 2023] Turn Fake into Real: Adversarial Head Turn Attacks Against Deepfake Detection Paper
  15. [CVPR 2022] Exploring Frequency Adversarial Attacks for Face Forgery Detection Paper
  16. [WDCW 2022] Evaluating Robustness of Sequence-based Deepfake Detector Models by Adversarial Perturbation Paper
  17. [ICIP 2021] Imperceptible Adversarial Examples for Fake Image Detection Paper
  18. [CVPRW2021] Adversarial Threats to DeepFake Detection: A Practical Perspective Paper
  19. [WACV 2021] Adversarial Deepfakes: Evaluating Vulnerability of Deepfake Detectors to Adversarial Examples Paper
  20. [CVPRW 2020] Evading Deepfake-Image Detectors with White- and Black-Box Attacks Paper
  21. [ECCVW 2020] Adversarial Attack on Deepfake Detection Using RL Based Texture Patches Paper
  22. [IJCNN 2020] Adversarial Perturbations Fool Deepfake Detectors Paper

Backdoor Attack

  1. [CVPR 2025] Where the Devil Hides: Deepfake Detectors Can No Longer Be Trusted Paper
  2. [ICLR 2024] Poisoned Forgery Face: Towards Backdoor Attacks on Face Forgery Detection Paper
  3. [arXiv 2024] Is It Possible to Backdoor Face Forgery Detection with Natural Triggers? Paper
  4. [BigDIA 2023] Real is not True: Backdoor Attacks Against Deepfake Detection Paper

Discrepancy Minimization

  1. [AAAI 2024] Spectrum Translation for Refinement of Image Generation (STIG) Based on Contrastive Learning and Spectral Filter Profile Paper
  2. [WACVW 2024] On the Vulnerability of DeepFake Detectors to Attacks Generated by Denoising Diffusion Models Paper
  3. [CVPR 2023] Evading DeepFake Detectors via Adversarial Statistical Consistency Paper
  4. [IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing 2023] Making DeepFakes More Spurious: Evading Deep Face Forgery Detection via Trace Removal Attack Paper
  5. [CVPR 2022] Think Twice Before Detecting GAN-generated Fake Images from their Spectral Domain Imprints Paper
  6. [ACM MM 2022] Defeating DeepFakes via Adversarial Visual Reconstruction Paper
  7. [CVPR 2021] Exploring Adversarial Fake Images on Face Manifold Paper
  8. [ACM MM 2020] FakePolisher: Making DeepFakes More Detection-Evasive by Shallow Reconstruction Paper
  9. [arXiv 2020] FakeRetouch: Evading DeepFakes Detection via the Guidance of Deliberate Noise Paper

Defense Strategies

  1. [WACV 2024] D4: Detection of Adversarial Diffusion Deepfakes Using Disjoint Ensembles Paper
  2. [TIFS 2024] DF-RAP: A Robust Adversarial Perturbation for Defending Against Deepfakes in Real-World Social Network Scenarios Paper
  3. [ICMM 2024] Adversarially Robust Deepfake Detection via Adversarial Feature Similarity Learning Paper
  4. [arXiv 2024] XAI-Based Detection of Adversarial Attacks on Deepfake Detectors Paper
  5. [FG 2023] FaceGuard: A Self-Supervised Defense Against Adversarial Face Images Paper
  6. [IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence 2022] Adversarially Robust Deepfake Video Detection Paper
  7. [Journal of Electronic Imaging 2021] EnsembleDet: ensembling against adversarial attack on deepfake detection Paper
  8. [arXiv 2021] Adversarially robust deepfake media detection using fused convolutional neural network predictions Paper

Efficient Deepfake Detection

  1. [arXiv 2025] Real-Aware Residual Model Merging for Deepfake Detection Paper
  2. [arXiv 2025] WhenDeepfake Detection Meets Graph Neural Network: a Unified and Lightweight Learning Framework Paper
  3. [IEEE SMC 2025] Uncovering Critical Features for Deepfake Detection through the Lottery Ticket Hypothesis Paper
  4. [arXiv 2024] Real-Time Deepfake Detection in the Real-World Paper
  5. [CVPR 2024 DFAD Workshop] Faster than lies: Real-time deepfake detection using binary neural networks Paper

Privacy-aware Deepfake Detection

  1. [arXiv 2024] Federated Face Forgery Detection Learning with Personalized Representation Paper
  2. [TIFS 2023] FedForgery: generalized face forgery detection with residual federated learning Paper
  3. [2022 IEEE 24th International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP)] Deepfake Detection with Data Privacy Protection Paper

Citation

If you find our survey is helpful in your research, please consider citing our paper😺:

@artical{liu2024_deepfakesurvey,
    title={Evolving from Single-modal to Multi-modal Facial Deepfake Detection: A Survey},
    author={Liu, Ping and Tao, Qiqi and Zhou, Joey Tianyi},
    journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.06965},
    year={2024}
}

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Deepfake/AIGC Generation and Detection

[arXiv 2025] Unmasking Synthetic Realities in Generative Ai: A Comprehensive Review of Adversarially Robust Deepfake Detection Systems Paper

[arXiv 2024] Passive Deepfake Detection Across Multi-Modalities: A Comprehensive Survey Paper

[arxiv 2024] Deepfake Generation and Detection: A Benchmark and Survey Paper Project

[arxiv 2024] Detecting Multimedia Generated by Large AI Models: A Survey Paper Project

[ECAI 2023] GAN-generated Faces Detection: A Survey and New Perspectives Paper

[NeurIPS 2023] DeepfakeBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Deepfake Detection Paper Project

[arxiv 2023] Deepfake detection: A comprehensive study from the reliability perspective Paper

[IJCV 2022] Countering Malicious DeepFakes: Survey, Battleground, and Horizon Paper Project

Multi-modal Fact-checking

[EMNLP 2023] Multimodal automated fact-checking: A survey Paper

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