docs(pt): translate handbook-v2/The Handbook

[guuszz]

Summary

Adds the Brazilian Portuguese translation of The Handbook (the introductory/overview page) from the TypeScript v2 Handbook, into docs/documentation/pt/handbook-v2/.

This continues the work started in #247 (Understanding Errors). The Handbook is the natural next page: it's the entry point of handbook-v2 and is already translated in other locales (e.g. ko/handbook-v2/The Handbook.md), so there's an established precedent for structure.

Translation choices

• Followed the established pt/ convention for frontmatter: translated title and oneline, adapted permalink to /pt/docs/handbook/intro.html (matching e.g. pt/get-started/TS for the New Programmer.md).
• Kept handbook: "true" flag unchanged.
• Internal links left pointing to /docs/... (no language prefix), matching the convention used by the already-merged ko translation of this same page.
• Kept English technical terms in parentheses on first use where helpful (e.g. semântica de execução (runtime)), consistent with my translation in docs(pt): translate handbook-v2/Understanding Errors #247.
• Preserved all external links (Microsoft Learn, MDN) unchanged.

Source

microsoft/TypeScript-Website @ packages/documentation/copy/en/handbook-v2/The Handbook.md

Testing

I read this side-by-side with the EN source and cross-checked terminology and frontmatter conventions against already-merged pt/ pages and the ko/handbook-v2/The Handbook.md translation. Happy to iterate on any terminology choice.

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Part of an ongoing effort to translate handbook-v2/ to PT-BR. Next candidates: Basics, Everyday Types, Narrowing.