fix(wallet): avoid deadlocks in custom persister callbacks

[reez]

Description

Aims to prevent deadlocks when custom persistence callbacks re enter a wallet by invoking foreign code without wallet or persister locks held (trys to preserve staged changes and reject nested persistence safely).

Notes to the reviewers

Documentation

• bdk_wallet
  • WalletPersister::persist
  • PersistedWallet::persist
  • Wallet::staged
  • Wallet::take_staged
• bitcoin
• uniffi
• Other:

Changelog

Checklists

All Submissions:

• I've signed all my commits
• I followed the contribution guidelines
• I ran cargo fmt and cargo clippy before committing
• I've added exactly one changelog:* label
• I've linked the relevant upstream docs or specs above

New Features:

• I've added tests for the new feature
• I've added docs for the new feature

Bugfixes:

• This pull request breaks the existing API
• I've added tests to reproduce the issue which are now passing
• I'm linking the issue being fixed by this PR

[thunderbiscuit]

I added this one to the 3.2.0 milestone, but do let me know if I got it wrong and it's actually breaking, in which case I'll bump it to the 4.0.0 milestone.