[ZEPPELIN-6719] Improve argument validation and error handling in bin/zeppelin.sh

[ParkGyeongTae]

What is this PR for?

This PR improves the robustness of bin/zeppelin.sh by adding argument
validation and consistent error handling during Zeppelin startup.

The changes include safer handling of anonymous container UIDs, validation of
the --config and --run options, improved Hadoop classpath error handling,
and failure checks when creating log and PID directories.

The --version option can now return the Zeppelin version without performing
the Java version check.

What type of PR is it?

Bug Fix

Todos

• - Add argument validation for --config and --run
• - Improve Hadoop command and classpath error handling
• - Handle log and PID directory creation failures
• - Improve anonymous container UID handling

What is the Jira issue?

https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ZEPPELIN-6719

How should this be tested?

Run the following commands and verify the expected behavior:

• ./bin/zeppelin.sh --version
• ./bin/zeppelin.sh --config
• ./bin/zeppelin.sh --run
• Test with an invalid Hadoop configuration.
• Test Hadoop classpath command failure.
• Test failure to create the log or PID directory.
• Test Zeppelin startup with an anonymous container UID.

The script was also verified with:

git diff --check

### Screenshots (if appropriate)

Not applicable.

### Questions:

- Does the license files need to update?
  No.

- Is there breaking changes for older versions?
  No.

- Does this need documentation?
  No.