[Python] Several APIs segfault instead of rejecting arguments of the wrong type #51042

Summary

Several PyArrow APIs terminate the interpreter when an argument is not the documented Arrow wrapper type.
The native crash sites are different, but each case appears to continue after an Arrow object conversion or cast failed.
I found these cases while fuzzing Python C extension modules.

Versions

PyArrow 25.0.1, CPython 3.12.3, Debian 12 x86_64, glibc 2.36

Reproducer

Run each command independently in a fresh process.

python -c 'import pyarrow.dataset as ds; ds.ParquetReadOptions(binary_type=0)'
python -c 'import pyarrow as pa; pa.SparseCOOTensor.from_tensor(0)'
python -c 'import pyarrow.substrait as substrait; substrait.serialize_schema(0)'
python -c 'import pyarrow.compute as pc; pc.IndexOptions(0).serialize()'

ParquetReadOptions              SIGSEGV (signal 11)
SparseCOOTensor.from_tensor     SIGSEGV (signal 11)
substrait.serialize_schema      SIGSEGV (signal 11)
IndexOptions.serialize          SIGSEGV (signal 11)

Input validation behavior

I tested None, bool, int, float, complex, str, bytes, bytearray, list, tuple, dict, set, object(), and an Arrow object of the wrong wrapper class in separate processes.

Every tested value not listed as accepted for the corresponding API caused SIGSEGV.
For IndexOptions, the invalid value is accepted during construction and the crash occurs later in serialize().

ASan/UBSan result

I built PyArrow 25.0.0 from source with Clang 18 using ASan and UBSan instrumentation.
The first sanitizer failures were:

ASan subsequently reports invalid reads on the corresponding native paths and aborts each process with exit code 134.

This appears related to #51041, which reports the same kind of failure in FunctionOptions.deserialize().

If separate issues are preferred for each API, I would be happy to report them individually.

Component(s)

Python