fix(plugins): ask ClickHouse which settings and catalog it has

[datlechin]

Why

On ClickHouse 23.8.0 to 23.8.8 every query after connect failed with UNKNOWN_SETTING: the driver sent http_write_exception_in_output_format from major.minor >= 23.8, and the setting reached the 23.8 line in 23.8.9. Other gates in that version table were wrong too.

Change

• At connect the driver reads system.settings and a one-row catalog check. It sends a URL setting only when this user may change it, and reads a catalog column only when it exists. This fixes ClickHouse driver: every query fails on a 23.8.x server older than 23.8.9 — UNKNOWN_SETTING (code 115) for http_write_exception_in_output_format #3444 and lets readonly = 1 users connect.
• Indexes, view definitions, functions, comments and sizes load on servers before 22.3.
• A query that fails partway is reported as an error instead of rows on every version. A FORMAT clause shows one Output value in the grid and stops an export with a message.
• Metadata reads use the database they are asked about, and SHOW CREATE FUNCTION is gone.
• SQL Server: CREATE OR ALTER on 2016 SP1 and Azure SQL.

Verified

ClickHouseConnectProfileTests and ClickHouseStreamFailureTests drive the driver through a stub. A harness on these sources passed on live 23.8.8.20, 25.8.33.6 and 26.3.52.9; main fails there with code 115. ClickHouseServerProfileTests replaces ClickHouseCapabilitiesTests, which pinned the 23.8 gate.

Not in this PR

• The MSSQL fix reaches users with a registry release of the MSSQL plugin.
• system.parts is denied to users without system grants on 25.8's shipped config, so table sizes fail for them.
• Rows keep a trailing \r when a profile sets output_format_tsv_crlf_end_of_line.

Fixes #3444