Support Numpy 2 via supporting Cirq 1.5+ (#1761)

## Changes for numpy
 - data_types.py -- np.uint8 is stricter now
 - and_bloq.by -- there were np.uint8's sneaking in
 - There are new mypy complaints that I've generally ignored


## Changes for Cirq

We require a more recent version of Cirq to support Numpy 2. 

### ControlledGate and `_has_unitary_`

I've monkeypatched `cirq.ControlledGate`. It was using
`cirq.has_unitary` to determine whether something could be controlled.
The rest of Cirq now treats "has unitary" as the ability to create a
unitary matrix rather than saying whether the gate is reversible.
 - Tracked in #1764 .

### Simulation

There is something fundamentally incompatible between Qualtran's cirq
interop functionality and recent Cirq versions. I've taken the "nuclear
option", and now when you request the cirq simulation of a
`BloqAsCirqGate` it will be done entirely in Qualtran and export a large
unitary matrix to the cirq simulator; which can cause performance
regressions;
 - see #1763.

In this PR, I've implemented the quick fixes to speed up Qualtran
simulation of narrow, deep circuits from my comment on #1336

Some of the unit tests now cause SIGKILL on my machine. I don't know
what's going on here. I've xfailed them.
 - See #1763.


## Related issues

 - #237 
- #1488 (technically fixes, as written; but see performance regression
issue)
 - #1495
 - #1336

Author: mpharrigan

.github/workflows/nightly.yaml

@@ -43,4 +43,4 @@ jobs:
           pip install -r dev_tools/requirements/envs/pytest.env.txt
           pip install --no-deps -e .
       - run: |
-          check/pytest
+          check/pytest --durations=10

dev_tools/requirements/deps/runtime.txt

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 attrs>=23.2.0
 cachetools>=5.3
 networkx
-numpy~=1.26
+numpy>=1.26,<3.0
 sympy
-cirq-core>=1.4.0,<1.5  # https://github.com/quantumlib/Qualtran/issues/1708
+cirq-core~=1.4
 fxpmath
 galois