From 4143517e76f7b673ecfa4be5061059408f0ff5a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dewey Dunnington <dewey@dunnington.ca>
Date: Thu, 29 Oct 2026 13:53:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1/4] fix(python): require PyArrow 25 for raster buffer
 construction

---
 .github/workflows/python-wheels.yml       |  3 +--
 python/sedonadb/pyproject.toml            |  7 +++++--
 python/sedonadb/python/sedonadb/raster.py | 14 ++++++++++---
 python/sedonadb/tests/test_raster.py      | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/python-wheels.yml b/.github/workflows/python-wheels.yml
index fc228356e8..4f6cba8a2f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/python-wheels.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/python-wheels.yml
@@ -93,8 +93,7 @@ jobs:
           VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET: x64-windows-dynamic-release
           VCPKG_DEFAULT_BINARY_CACHE: ${{ github.workspace }}/vcpkg-bincache
           CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE: ${{ github.workspace }}/vcpkg/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake
-          CIBW_BUILD: "cp39-win_amd64"
-          CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES: pytest adbc_driver_manager geoarrow-pyarrow geopandas
+          CIBW_BUILD: "cp310-win_amd64"
           # Test command exits 0 even on failure so CIBW continues building all wheels;
           # failures are recorded in .test_failed and checked after upload.
           # We use Python here to be absolutely sure there are no shell escaping issues.
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/pyproject.toml b/python/sedonadb/pyproject.toml
index ce10679a1c..48941a54e4 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/pyproject.toml
+++ b/python/sedonadb/pyproject.toml
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ test = [
     "geopandas",
     "pandas",
     "polars",
+    "pyarrow>=25",
     "pytest",
     "pyyaml",
     "rasterio",
@@ -57,10 +58,12 @@ geopandas = [
 [tool.cibuildwheel]
 # PyO3's stable ABI support makes this one wheel per platform compatible with
 # every supported CPython version, rather than producing one wheel per version.
-build = "cp39-*"
+# Test with Python 3.10 so PyArrow >= 25 is available for raster construction.
+# The wheel remains compatible with Python 3.9 via abi3-py39 below.
+build = "cp310-*"
 # Set here rather than via CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES in the workflow: environment
 # variables take precedence over the overrides below.
-test-requires = ["pytest", "adbc_driver_manager", "geoarrow-pyarrow", "geopandas", "duckdb"]
+test-requires = ["pyarrow>=25", "pytest", "adbc_driver_manager", "geoarrow-pyarrow", "geopandas", "duckdb"]
 
 [tool.maturin]
 features = ["pyo3/extension-module", "pyo3/abi3-py39"]
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/python/sedonadb/raster.py b/python/sedonadb/python/sedonadb/raster.py
index 7db719dfc7..2e329befc9 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/python/sedonadb/raster.py
+++ b/python/sedonadb/python/sedonadb/raster.py
@@ -106,7 +106,10 @@ def from_numpy(
         The mirror of `lazy`: identical dimension/CRS conventions, but the
         pixel data is carried in the raster rather than referenced by URI.
 
-        This operation is zero-copy for contiguous arrays.
+        Requires PyArrow >= 25.0.0.
+
+        Contiguous arrays with more than 12 bytes share their pixel buffer.
+        Smaller arrays are copied into Arrow's inline binary view storage.
 
         Args:
             array: The pixel data. The trailing two axes are the spatial `(y, x)`
@@ -709,11 +712,16 @@ def _get_binary_view_buffer(
 def _wrap_data_zero_copy(data) -> pa.BinaryViewArray:
     """Wrap data as a single-element BinaryViewArray without copying.
 
-    For numpy arrays and memoryviews, this creates a zero-copy view.
-    For bytes, pyarrow handles the wrapping efficiently.
+    For contiguous buffers larger than 12 bytes, this creates a zero-copy
+    view. Smaller buffers are copied into the binary view's inline storage.
     """
     import numpy as np
 
+    # Earlier Arrow releases can segfault when exporting inline binary views:
+    # https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/50166
+    if int(pa.__version__.split(".")[0]) < 25:
+        raise ImportError("Raster.from_numpy() requires PyArrow >= 25.0.0")
+
     view = memoryview(data)
     if not view.c_contiguous:
         # Must copy if not contiguous
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/tests/test_raster.py b/python/sedonadb/tests/test_raster.py
index 9befc2a660..778c714628 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/tests/test_raster.py
+++ b/python/sedonadb/tests/test_raster.py
@@ -382,6 +382,31 @@ def test_raster_from_numpy_2d():
     assert np.shares_memory(b.to_numpy(), arr)
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("version", ["21.0.0", "22.0.0", "24.0.0"])
+def test_raster_from_numpy_requires_pyarrow_25(monkeypatch, version):
+    monkeypatch.setattr(pa, "__version__", version)
+    with pytest.raises(ImportError, match=r"requires PyArrow >= 25\.0\.0"):
+        Raster.from_numpy(np.arange(6, dtype=np.uint8).reshape(2, 3))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("nbytes", [0, 1, 6, 12, 13, 1024])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("strided", [False, True])
+def test_raster_from_numpy_arrow_roundtrip(nbytes, strided):
+    source = np.arange(nbytes * (2 if strided else 1), dtype=np.uint8)
+    pixels = (source[::2] if strided else source).reshape(1, nbytes)
+    raster = Raster.from_numpy(pixels)
+
+    # Exporting an inline binary view cast from binary crashes older PyArrow.
+    # Exercise the C Data protocol, not just Arrow's array validation.
+    schema, array = raster.__arrow_c_array__()
+    result = pa.Array._import_from_c_capsule(schema, array)
+    result.validate(full=True)
+    restored = Raster(result).to_numpy()[0]
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(restored, pixels)
+    if nbytes > 12:
+        assert np.shares_memory(restored, pixels) == (not strided)
+
+
 def test_raster_from_numpy_nd_with_crs():
     arr = np.arange(2 * 2 * 3, dtype="float32").reshape(2, 2, 3)
     r = Raster.from_numpy(arr, dim_names=["time", "y", "x"], crs="EPSG:4326")

From aa566677842f16c7c8d0549818cfddbb3426f1d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dewey Dunnington <dewey@dunnington.ca>
Date: Thu, 29 Oct 2026 14:35:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2/4] test(python): retain Python 3.9 coverage with targeted
 raster skips

---
 .github/workflows/python-wheels.yml           |  2 +-
 python/sedonadb/pyproject.toml                |  7 ++----
 python/sedonadb/python/sedonadb/raster.py     | 10 ++++-----
 python/sedonadb/tests/conftest.py             |  6 +++++
 python/sedonadb/tests/expr/test_literal.py    |  4 ++--
 .../tests/functions/test_raster_functions.py  |  6 ++---
 .../tests/functions/test_raster_nd.py         |  4 ++--
 .../sedonadb/tests/functions/test_rs_clip.py  |  5 ++++-
 python/sedonadb/tests/test_raster.py          | 22 +++++++++----------
 python/sedonadb/tests/test_udf.py             |  4 ++--
 10 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/python-wheels.yml b/.github/workflows/python-wheels.yml
index 4f6cba8a2f..5e210fbc91 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/python-wheels.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/python-wheels.yml
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ jobs:
           VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET: x64-windows-dynamic-release
           VCPKG_DEFAULT_BINARY_CACHE: ${{ github.workspace }}/vcpkg-bincache
           CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE: ${{ github.workspace }}/vcpkg/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake
-          CIBW_BUILD: "cp310-win_amd64"
+          CIBW_BUILD: "cp39-win_amd64"
           # Test command exits 0 even on failure so CIBW continues building all wheels;
           # failures are recorded in .test_failed and checked after upload.
           # We use Python here to be absolutely sure there are no shell escaping issues.
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/pyproject.toml b/python/sedonadb/pyproject.toml
index 48941a54e4..ce10679a1c 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/pyproject.toml
+++ b/python/sedonadb/pyproject.toml
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ test = [
     "geopandas",
     "pandas",
     "polars",
-    "pyarrow>=25",
     "pytest",
     "pyyaml",
     "rasterio",
@@ -58,12 +57,10 @@ geopandas = [
 [tool.cibuildwheel]
 # PyO3's stable ABI support makes this one wheel per platform compatible with
 # every supported CPython version, rather than producing one wheel per version.
-# Test with Python 3.10 so PyArrow >= 25 is available for raster construction.
-# The wheel remains compatible with Python 3.9 via abi3-py39 below.
-build = "cp310-*"
+build = "cp39-*"
 # Set here rather than via CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES in the workflow: environment
 # variables take precedence over the overrides below.
-test-requires = ["pyarrow>=25", "pytest", "adbc_driver_manager", "geoarrow-pyarrow", "geopandas", "duckdb"]
+test-requires = ["pytest", "adbc_driver_manager", "geoarrow-pyarrow", "geopandas", "duckdb"]
 
 [tool.maturin]
 features = ["pyo3/extension-module", "pyo3/abi3-py39"]
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/python/sedonadb/raster.py b/python/sedonadb/python/sedonadb/raster.py
index 2e329befc9..4951c7190f 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/python/sedonadb/raster.py
+++ b/python/sedonadb/python/sedonadb/raster.py
@@ -717,11 +717,6 @@ def _wrap_data_zero_copy(data) -> pa.BinaryViewArray:
     """
     import numpy as np
 
-    # Earlier Arrow releases can segfault when exporting inline binary views:
-    # https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/50166
-    if int(pa.__version__.split(".")[0]) < 25:
-        raise ImportError("Raster.from_numpy() requires PyArrow >= 25.0.0")
-
     view = memoryview(data)
     if not view.c_contiguous:
         # Must copy if not contiguous
@@ -734,6 +729,11 @@ def _wrap_data_zero_copy(data) -> pa.BinaryViewArray:
     elif nbytes >= 2**31:
         raise ValueError(f"Can't store {nbytes} (>2GB) in a single raster band")
 
+    # Earlier Arrow releases can segfault when exporting inline binary views:
+    # https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/50166
+    if int(pa.__version__.split(".")[0]) < 25:
+        raise ImportError("Raster.from_numpy() requires PyArrow >= 25.0.0")
+
     # Build BinaryArray zero-copy using from_buffers, then cast to binary_view
     # BinaryArray buffers: [validity, offsets, data]
     offsets = pa.py_buffer(np.array([0, nbytes], dtype=np.int32))
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/tests/conftest.py b/python/sedonadb/tests/conftest.py
index 9b0cc2b833..a46d692b59 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/python/sedonadb/tests/conftest.py
@@ -38,3 +38,9 @@ def geoarrow_data():
 @pytest.fixture()
 def sedona_testing():
     return HERE.parent.parent.parent / "submodules" / "sedona-testing"
+
+
+@pytest.fixture()
+def pyarrow25():
+    """Require the Arrow export fix needed by Raster.from_numpy()."""
+    return pytest.importorskip("pyarrow", minversion="25.0.0")
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/tests/expr/test_literal.py b/python/sedonadb/tests/expr/test_literal.py
index 6d42887396..b6fe106fd0 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/tests/expr/test_literal.py
+++ b/python/sedonadb/tests/expr/test_literal.py
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ def test_geometry_array_rejects_metadata_change(source_type):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("kind", ["empty", "null", "mixed"])
-def test_raster_array(kind):
+def test_raster_array(pyarrow25, kind):
     from sedonadb._lib import raster_type
     from sedonadb.raster import Raster
 
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ def test_raster_array_rejects_invalid_element():
         _resolve_arrow_array([None, 1], raster_type())
 
 
-def test_raster_array_same_type():
+def test_raster_array_same_type(pyarrow25):
     from sedonadb._lib import raster_type
     from sedonadb.raster import Raster
 
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_raster_functions.py b/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_raster_functions.py
index cdc46110d1..f3b16e0a4a 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_raster_functions.py
+++ b/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_raster_functions.py
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ def test_rs_worldtorastercoord_empty_point_is_null():
     )
 
 
-def test_rs_value_matches_rasterio(con):
+def test_rs_value_matches_rasterio(pyarrow25, con):
     """Cross-check RS_Value against rasterio on a random raster.
 
     Builds an in-memory raster from a random numpy array with a known
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ def test_rs_values_ensureloaded_outdb(con, sedona_testing):
         con.drop_view(view)
 
 
-def test_rs_values_matches_rasterio(con):
+def test_rs_values_matches_rasterio(pyarrow25, con):
     """Cross-check RS_Values against rasterio on a random raster.
 
     The plural counterpart of `test_rs_value_matches_rasterio`: the same dense
@@ -643,7 +643,7 @@ def test_rs_asgeotiff_out_of_range_quality_errors(con):
 # floating-point prediction for float bands).
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", ["uint8", "uint16", "int32", "float32", "float64"])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("compression_args", ["", ", 'DEFLATE', 0.85", ", 'LZW', 0.85"])
-def test_rs_asgeotiff_roundtrips_contents(con, dtype, compression_args):
+def test_rs_asgeotiff_roundtrips_contents(pyarrow25, con, dtype, compression_args):
     pytest.importorskip("rasterio")
     from rasterio.io import MemoryFile
 
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_raster_nd.py b/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_raster_nd.py
index 4216e0c91b..cfb2c520d3 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_raster_nd.py
+++ b/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_raster_nd.py
@@ -56,13 +56,13 @@ def _eval(expr, *rasters):
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def r2d():
+def r2d(pyarrow25):
     """2-D raster ``[y=4, x=5]`` with sequential pixel values 0..19."""
     return Raster.from_numpy(np.arange(4 * 5, dtype="uint8").reshape(4, 5))
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def r3d():
+def r3d(pyarrow25):
     """3-D raster ``[time=3, y=4, x=5]`` with sequential pixel values 0..59."""
     return Raster.from_numpy(
         np.arange(3 * 4 * 5, dtype="uint8").reshape(3, 4, 5),
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_rs_clip.py b/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_rs_clip.py
index 684990e0ca..b4d13fc8eb 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_rs_clip.py
+++ b/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_rs_clip.py
@@ -170,7 +170,10 @@ def _rasterio_clip(
         if band < 0 or band > src.count:
             raise ValueError(f"band {band} out of range for a {src.count}-band raster")
         if crop:
-            window = rasterio.features.geometry_window(src, [geom])
+            # RS_Clip crops to the world-space envelope. Rasterio <1.5 uses
+            # the geometry's vertices directly, which gives a tighter window
+            # on rotated grids; pass the envelope explicitly on all versions.
+            window = rasterio.features.geometry_window(src, [geom.envelope])
         else:
             window = rasterio.windows.Window(0, 0, src.width, src.height)
         transform = src.window_transform(window)
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/tests/test_raster.py b/python/sedonadb/tests/test_raster.py
index 778c714628..20f896bbc5 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/tests/test_raster.py
+++ b/python/sedonadb/tests/test_raster.py
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ def test_iter_rasters_handles_chunks_and_nulls(con):
     assert sum(raster is None for raster in rasters) == 1
 
 
-def test_iter_rasters_handles_sliced_array_offsets():
+def test_iter_rasters_handles_sliced_array_offsets(pyarrow25):
     first = pa.array(Raster.from_numpy(np.full((4, 4), 11, dtype=np.uint16)))
     second = pa.array(Raster.from_numpy(np.full((4, 4), 22, dtype=np.uint16)))
     array = pa.concat_arrays([first, second]).slice(1, 1)
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ def test_iter_rasters_handles_sliced_array_offsets():
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("parent_null", [False, True])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("start", [0, 1, 2])
-def test_iter_rasters_null_bands_with_nonempty_offsets(parent_null, start):
+def test_iter_rasters_null_bands_with_nonempty_offsets(pyarrow25, parent_null, start):
     storage = pa.concat_arrays(
         [
             Raster.from_numpy(np.full((4, 4), value, dtype=np.uint16))._array
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ def test_iter_rasters_null_bands_with_nonempty_offsets(parent_null, start):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("start, length", [(0, 10), (3, 6), (3, 1), (4, 0)])
-def test_iter_rasters_sliced_validity(start, length):
+def test_iter_rasters_sliced_validity(pyarrow25, start, length):
     raster = Raster.from_numpy(np.ones((4, 4), dtype=np.uint16))
     storage = pa.concat_arrays([raster._array] * 10)
     nulls = [True, False, False, True, False, False, False, True, False, True]
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ def test_raster_lazy_nd():
     assert r.height == 256
 
 
-def test_raster_from_numpy_2d():
+def test_raster_from_numpy_2d(pyarrow25):
     # Use array >12 bytes so BinaryView uses out-of-line storage (zero-copy eligible)
     arr = np.arange(4 * 5, dtype="uint8").reshape(4, 5)
     r = Raster.from_numpy(arr)
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ def test_raster_from_numpy_requires_pyarrow_25(monkeypatch, version):
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("nbytes", [0, 1, 6, 12, 13, 1024])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("strided", [False, True])
-def test_raster_from_numpy_arrow_roundtrip(nbytes, strided):
+def test_raster_from_numpy_arrow_roundtrip(pyarrow25, nbytes, strided):
     source = np.arange(nbytes * (2 if strided else 1), dtype=np.uint8)
     pixels = (source[::2] if strided else source).reshape(1, nbytes)
     raster = Raster.from_numpy(pixels)
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ def test_raster_from_numpy_arrow_roundtrip(nbytes, strided):
         assert np.shares_memory(restored, pixels) == (not strided)
 
 
-def test_raster_from_numpy_nd_with_crs():
+def test_raster_from_numpy_nd_with_crs(pyarrow25):
     arr = np.arange(2 * 2 * 3, dtype="float32").reshape(2, 2, 3)
     r = Raster.from_numpy(arr, dim_names=["time", "y", "x"], crs="EPSG:4326")
 
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ def test_raster_from_numpy_invalid_shape():
         Raster.from_numpy(np.zeros((2, 2, 3), dtype="uint8"))
 
 
-def test_raster_from_numpy_bbox_matches_rasterio():
+def test_raster_from_numpy_bbox_matches_rasterio(pyarrow25):
     # bbox (pixel/default) must produce rasterio.transform.from_bounds, in GDAL order.
     rasterio = pytest.importorskip("rasterio")
 
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ def test_raster_from_numpy_bbox_and_transform_mutually_exclusive():
         )
 
 
-def test_raster_from_numpy_bbox_registration_node():
+def test_raster_from_numpy_bbox_registration_node(pyarrow25):
     # A node-registered grid maps the bbox to cell centers, so its transform
     # differs from the default pixel registration (exact values are pinned by the
     # Rust unit test); this is the Python end-to-end smoke.
@@ -583,17 +583,17 @@ def test_get_binary_view_buffer_sliced():
         ("float64", -12345.5),
     ],
 )
-def test_band_nodata(dtype, nodata):
+def test_band_nodata(pyarrow25, dtype, nodata):
     r = Raster.from_numpy(np.zeros((2, 3), dtype=dtype), nodata=nodata)
     assert r.bands[0].nodata == nodata
 
 
-def test_band_nodata_unset():
+def test_band_nodata_unset(pyarrow25):
     r = Raster.from_numpy(np.zeros((2, 3), dtype="uint8"))
     assert r.bands[0].nodata is None
 
 
-def test_raster_to_numpy_single_band_is_zero_copy():
+def test_raster_to_numpy_single_band_is_zero_copy(pyarrow25):
     data = np.arange(6, dtype="float32").reshape(2, 3)
     r = Raster.from_numpy(data)
     out = r.to_numpy()
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/tests/test_udf.py b/python/sedonadb/tests/test_udf.py
index 53e5645d82..42ff97a30b 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/tests/test_udf.py
+++ b/python/sedonadb/tests/test_udf.py
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ def points(arg):
     assert result.to_pylist() == [1.0, None, 3.0]
 
 
-def test_arrow_udf_raster_list_output(con):
+def test_arrow_udf_raster_list_output(pyarrow25, con):
     import numpy as np
     from sedonadb.raster import Raster
 
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ def test_native_scalar_udf_register_appends_overload(con):
     )
 
 
-def test_raster_udf_over_loaded_raster_as_pixel_argument(con, tmp_path):
+def test_raster_udf_over_loaded_raster_as_pixel_argument(pyarrow25, con, tmp_path):
     """A Python raster UDF over RS_EnsureLoaded(..), passed as the raster of
     functions that read pixels. The planner wraps the UDF's output in another
     RS_EnsureLoaded, which passes the already loaded pixels through. Two calls

From 023f92b90e667ef449d724bec70ee406001b4de6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dewey Dunnington <dewey@dunnington.ca>
Date: Thu, 29 Oct 2026 21:51:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3/4] build(python): require Python 3.10 and PyArrow 25

---
 .github/workflows/python-wheels.yml           | 10 +++----
 .github/workflows/wheels-zarr.yml             |  2 +-
 ci/scripts/wheels-build-linux.sh              |  2 +-
 ci/scripts/wheels-build-macos.sh              |  2 +-
 ci/scripts/wheels-build-windows.ps1           |  2 +-
 docs/postgis.ipynb                            |  2 +-
 docs/postgis.md                               |  2 +-
 python/sedonadb-zarr/pyproject.toml           |  3 +-
 python/sedonadb/README.md                     |  2 ++
 python/sedonadb/pyproject.toml                |  9 ++++--
 python/sedonadb/python/sedonadb/raster.py     |  7 -----
 python/sedonadb/src/raster_loader.rs          |  2 +-
 python/sedonadb/tests/conftest.py             |  6 ----
 python/sedonadb/tests/expr/test_literal.py    |  4 +--
 .../tests/functions/test_raster_functions.py  |  6 ++--
 .../tests/functions/test_raster_nd.py         |  4 +--
 .../sedonadb/tests/functions/test_rs_clip.py  |  5 +---
 python/sedonadb/tests/test_raster.py          | 29 +++++++------------
 python/sedonadb/tests/test_udf.py             |  4 +--
 19 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/python-wheels.yml b/.github/workflows/python-wheels.yml
index 5e210fbc91..f3d29e373e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/python-wheels.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/python-wheels.yml
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ jobs:
           VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET: x64-windows-dynamic-release
           VCPKG_DEFAULT_BINARY_CACHE: ${{ github.workspace }}/vcpkg-bincache
           CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE: ${{ github.workspace }}/vcpkg/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake
-          CIBW_BUILD: "cp39-win_amd64"
+          CIBW_BUILD: "cp310-win_amd64"
           # Test command exits 0 even on failure so CIBW continues building all wheels;
           # failures are recorded in .test_failed and checked after upload.
           # We use Python here to be absolutely sure there are no shell escaping issues.
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
           name: release-wheels-windows-x86_64
-          path: python/sedonadb/dist/*-cp39-abi3-*.whl
+          path: python/sedonadb/dist/*-cp310-abi3-*.whl
           if-no-files-found: error
 
       - name: Fail if tests failed
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
           name: release-wheels-macOS-arm64
-          path: python/sedonadb/dist/*-cp39-abi3-*.whl
+          path: python/sedonadb/dist/*-cp310-abi3-*.whl
           if-no-files-found: error
 
       - name: Fail if tests failed
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
           name: release-wheels-macOS-amd64
-          path: python/sedonadb/dist/*-cp39-abi3-*.whl
+          path: python/sedonadb/dist/*-cp310-abi3-*.whl
           if-no-files-found: error
 
       - name: Fail if tests failed
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
           name: release-wheels-${{ matrix.config.label }}
-          path: python/sedonadb/dist/*-cp39-abi3-*.whl
+          path: python/sedonadb/dist/*-cp310-abi3-*.whl
           if-no-files-found: error
 
       - name: Fail if tests failed
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wheels-zarr.yml b/.github/workflows/wheels-zarr.yml
index 483d13fc98..cdd02f3621 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wheels-zarr.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wheels-zarr.yml
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ jobs:
           cd ci/scripts
           .\wheels-build-zarr-windows.ps1
         env:
-          CIBW_BUILD: "cp39-win_amd64"
+          CIBW_BUILD: "cp310-win_amd64"
           # Install the sedonadb dev wheel downloaded into the package dir
           # above: first sedonadb itself (--no-deps --pre, since the dev
           # version is a prerelease), then its dependencies without --pre so
diff --git a/ci/scripts/wheels-build-linux.sh b/ci/scripts/wheels-build-linux.sh
index 8bda4e9d27..3cc7162201 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/wheels-build-linux.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/wheels-build-linux.sh
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ BEFORE_ALL_MANYLINUX="yum install -y curl zip unzip tar clang perl"
 # add quite a bit of complexity but could save time if we build wheels for linux frequently.
 # The native and Rust builds are cached on each image such that compile work is effectively
 # cached between Python versions (just not between invocations of this script).
-export CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_LINUX="VCPKG_ROOT=/vcpkg VCPKG_REF=$VCPKG_REF VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET=$VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=/vcpkg/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/vcpkg/installed/$VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET/lib/pkgconfig LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/vcpkg/installed/$VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET/lib $SEDONADB_RELEASE_PROFILE_ENV MATURIN_PEP517_ARGS='--features s2geography,pyo3/extension-module,pyo3/abi3-py39'"
+export CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_LINUX="VCPKG_ROOT=/vcpkg VCPKG_REF=$VCPKG_REF VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET=$VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=/vcpkg/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/vcpkg/installed/$VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET/lib/pkgconfig LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/vcpkg/installed/$VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET/lib $SEDONADB_RELEASE_PROFILE_ENV MATURIN_PEP517_ARGS='--features s2geography,pyo3/extension-module,pyo3/abi3-py310'"
 
 # Host directories to bind-mount into the build container. cibuildwheel copies
 # the project into the container rather than bind-mounting it, so anything the
diff --git a/ci/scripts/wheels-build-macos.sh b/ci/scripts/wheels-build-macos.sh
index bd73e8c4a7..56a7bb0a91 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/wheels-build-macos.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/wheels-build-macos.sh
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ source ./wheels-bootstrap-vcpkg.sh
 export CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_MACOS="DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=$VCPKG_INSTALL_NAME_DIR delocate-listdeps {wheel} && DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=$VCPKG_INSTALL_NAME_DIR delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} {wheel}"
 
 # Pass on environment variables specifically for the build
-export CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_MACOS="$CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_MACOS _PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM=macosx-12.0-${SEDONADB_MACOS_ARCH} MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=12.0 CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=${CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE} MATURIN_PEP517_ARGS='--features s2geography,pyo3/extension-module,pyo3/abi3-py39'"
+export CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_MACOS="$CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_MACOS _PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM=macosx-12.0-${SEDONADB_MACOS_ARCH} MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=12.0 CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=${CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE} MATURIN_PEP517_ARGS='--features s2geography,pyo3/extension-module,pyo3/abi3-py310'"
 
 pushd "${SEDONADB_DIR}"
 python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir python/$1/dist python/$1
diff --git a/ci/scripts/wheels-build-windows.ps1 b/ci/scripts/wheels-build-windows.ps1
index bee971998c..0d238db6a6 100644
--- a/ci/scripts/wheels-build-windows.ps1
+++ b/ci/scripts/wheels-build-windows.ps1
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ $env:PATH += ";$scriptDirectory\windows"
 $env:GEOS_LIB_DIR = "$vcpkgLibDirectory"
 $env:GEOS_VERSION = "3.13.0"
 
-$env:MATURIN_PEP517_ARGS='--features s2geography,pyo3/extension-module,pyo3/abi3-py39'
+$env:MATURIN_PEP517_ARGS='--features s2geography,pyo3/extension-module,pyo3/abi3-py310'
 
 # Some CMake configurations needs this separately from the toolchain file
 $env:CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH="$vcpkgInstalledDirectory"
diff --git a/docs/postgis.ipynb b/docs/postgis.ipynb
index db46117dd9..d7f2882c9e 100644
--- a/docs/postgis.ipynb
+++ b/docs/postgis.ipynb
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
     "This notebook assumes:\n",
     "\n",
     "- A running PostgreSQL instance with PostGIS enabled\n",
-    "- Python 3.9+\n",
+    "- Python 3.10+\n",
     "- The following Python packages available:\n",
     "  - `geopandas`\n",
     "  - `sqlalchemy`\n",
diff --git a/docs/postgis.md b/docs/postgis.md
index e60ce60f19..d6c808a338 100644
--- a/docs/postgis.md
+++ b/docs/postgis.md
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Two approaches are covered:
 This notebook assumes:
 
 - A running PostgreSQL instance with PostGIS enabled
-- Python 3.9+
+- Python 3.10+
 - The following Python packages available:
   - `geopandas`
   - `sqlalchemy`
diff --git a/python/sedonadb-zarr/pyproject.toml b/python/sedonadb-zarr/pyproject.toml
index 2def92ec29..2d38c241fb 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb-zarr/pyproject.toml
+++ b/python/sedonadb-zarr/pyproject.toml
@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ test = [
 [tool.cibuildwheel]
 # PyO3's stable ABI support makes this one wheel per platform compatible with
 # every supported non-free-threaded CPython version.
-build = "cp39-*"
+# Test against the current sedonadb wheel, which requires Python 3.10.
+build = "cp310-*"
 
 [tool.maturin]
 features = ["pyo3/extension-module", "pyo3/abi3-py39"]
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/README.md b/python/sedonadb/README.md
index a7ae99e152..fa24cc943a 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/README.md
+++ b/python/sedonadb/README.md
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ This package is a Python interface to [SedonaDB](https://sedona.apache.org/sedon
 
 ## Installation
 
+Requires Python 3.10 or later and PyArrow 25 or later.
+
 SedonaDB for Python can be installed from [PyPI](https://pypi.org):
 
 ```shell
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/pyproject.toml b/python/sedonadb/pyproject.toml
index ce10679a1c..69fd5382bb 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/pyproject.toml
+++ b/python/sedonadb/pyproject.toml
@@ -22,12 +22,15 @@ build-backend = "maturin"
 [project]
 name = "sedonadb"
 readme = "README.md"
-requires-python = ">=3.9"
+requires-python = ">=3.10"
 classifiers = [
     "Programming Language :: Rust",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython",
 ]
 dynamic = ["version"]
+# Earlier PyArrow releases can segfault when exporting inline binary views.
+# https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/50166
+dependencies = ["pyarrow>=25.0.0"]
 
 [project.optional-dependencies]
 test = [
@@ -57,13 +60,13 @@ geopandas = [
 [tool.cibuildwheel]
 # PyO3's stable ABI support makes this one wheel per platform compatible with
 # every supported CPython version, rather than producing one wheel per version.
-build = "cp39-*"
+build = "cp310-*"
 # Set here rather than via CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES in the workflow: environment
 # variables take precedence over the overrides below.
 test-requires = ["pytest", "adbc_driver_manager", "geoarrow-pyarrow", "geopandas", "duckdb"]
 
 [tool.maturin]
-features = ["pyo3/extension-module", "pyo3/abi3-py39"]
+features = ["pyo3/extension-module", "pyo3/abi3-py310"]
 module-name = "sedonadb._lib"
 python-source = "python"
 strip = true
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/python/sedonadb/raster.py b/python/sedonadb/python/sedonadb/raster.py
index 4951c7190f..713e9fc36e 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/python/sedonadb/raster.py
+++ b/python/sedonadb/python/sedonadb/raster.py
@@ -106,8 +106,6 @@ def from_numpy(
         The mirror of `lazy`: identical dimension/CRS conventions, but the
         pixel data is carried in the raster rather than referenced by URI.
 
-        Requires PyArrow >= 25.0.0.
-
         Contiguous arrays with more than 12 bytes share their pixel buffer.
         Smaller arrays are copied into Arrow's inline binary view storage.
 
@@ -729,11 +727,6 @@ def _wrap_data_zero_copy(data) -> pa.BinaryViewArray:
     elif nbytes >= 2**31:
         raise ValueError(f"Can't store {nbytes} (>2GB) in a single raster band")
 
-    # Earlier Arrow releases can segfault when exporting inline binary views:
-    # https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/50166
-    if int(pa.__version__.split(".")[0]) < 25:
-        raise ImportError("Raster.from_numpy() requires PyArrow >= 25.0.0")
-
     # Build BinaryArray zero-copy using from_buffers, then cast to binary_view
     # BinaryArray buffers: [validity, offsets, data]
     offsets = pa.py_buffer(np.array([0, nbytes], dtype=np.int32))
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/src/raster_loader.rs b/python/sedonadb/src/raster_loader.rs
index cff283c0fc..cf51cdd134 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/src/raster_loader.rs
+++ b/python/sedonadb/src/raster_loader.rs
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ impl AsyncRasterLoader for PyRasterLoader {
 
                     // The buffer protocol did not join Python's Limited API
                     // until 3.11. Convert through the built-in bytes type so
-                    // this extension can use abi3 while retaining Python 3.9
+                    // this extension can use abi3 while retaining Python 3.10
                     // support. `Bytes` takes ownership of the resulting Vec,
                     // so this performs one copy at the Python/Rust boundary.
                     let py_bytes = py
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/tests/conftest.py b/python/sedonadb/tests/conftest.py
index a46d692b59..9b0cc2b833 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/python/sedonadb/tests/conftest.py
@@ -38,9 +38,3 @@ def geoarrow_data():
 @pytest.fixture()
 def sedona_testing():
     return HERE.parent.parent.parent / "submodules" / "sedona-testing"
-
-
-@pytest.fixture()
-def pyarrow25():
-    """Require the Arrow export fix needed by Raster.from_numpy()."""
-    return pytest.importorskip("pyarrow", minversion="25.0.0")
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/tests/expr/test_literal.py b/python/sedonadb/tests/expr/test_literal.py
index b6fe106fd0..6d42887396 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/tests/expr/test_literal.py
+++ b/python/sedonadb/tests/expr/test_literal.py
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ def test_geometry_array_rejects_metadata_change(source_type):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("kind", ["empty", "null", "mixed"])
-def test_raster_array(pyarrow25, kind):
+def test_raster_array(kind):
     from sedonadb._lib import raster_type
     from sedonadb.raster import Raster
 
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ def test_raster_array_rejects_invalid_element():
         _resolve_arrow_array([None, 1], raster_type())
 
 
-def test_raster_array_same_type(pyarrow25):
+def test_raster_array_same_type():
     from sedonadb._lib import raster_type
     from sedonadb.raster import Raster
 
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_raster_functions.py b/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_raster_functions.py
index f3b16e0a4a..cdc46110d1 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_raster_functions.py
+++ b/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_raster_functions.py
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ def test_rs_worldtorastercoord_empty_point_is_null():
     )
 
 
-def test_rs_value_matches_rasterio(pyarrow25, con):
+def test_rs_value_matches_rasterio(con):
     """Cross-check RS_Value against rasterio on a random raster.
 
     Builds an in-memory raster from a random numpy array with a known
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ def test_rs_values_ensureloaded_outdb(con, sedona_testing):
         con.drop_view(view)
 
 
-def test_rs_values_matches_rasterio(pyarrow25, con):
+def test_rs_values_matches_rasterio(con):
     """Cross-check RS_Values against rasterio on a random raster.
 
     The plural counterpart of `test_rs_value_matches_rasterio`: the same dense
@@ -643,7 +643,7 @@ def test_rs_asgeotiff_out_of_range_quality_errors(con):
 # floating-point prediction for float bands).
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", ["uint8", "uint16", "int32", "float32", "float64"])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("compression_args", ["", ", 'DEFLATE', 0.85", ", 'LZW', 0.85"])
-def test_rs_asgeotiff_roundtrips_contents(pyarrow25, con, dtype, compression_args):
+def test_rs_asgeotiff_roundtrips_contents(con, dtype, compression_args):
     pytest.importorskip("rasterio")
     from rasterio.io import MemoryFile
 
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_raster_nd.py b/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_raster_nd.py
index cfb2c520d3..4216e0c91b 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_raster_nd.py
+++ b/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_raster_nd.py
@@ -56,13 +56,13 @@ def _eval(expr, *rasters):
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def r2d(pyarrow25):
+def r2d():
     """2-D raster ``[y=4, x=5]`` with sequential pixel values 0..19."""
     return Raster.from_numpy(np.arange(4 * 5, dtype="uint8").reshape(4, 5))
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def r3d(pyarrow25):
+def r3d():
     """3-D raster ``[time=3, y=4, x=5]`` with sequential pixel values 0..59."""
     return Raster.from_numpy(
         np.arange(3 * 4 * 5, dtype="uint8").reshape(3, 4, 5),
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_rs_clip.py b/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_rs_clip.py
index b4d13fc8eb..684990e0ca 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_rs_clip.py
+++ b/python/sedonadb/tests/functions/test_rs_clip.py
@@ -170,10 +170,7 @@ def _rasterio_clip(
         if band < 0 or band > src.count:
             raise ValueError(f"band {band} out of range for a {src.count}-band raster")
         if crop:
-            # RS_Clip crops to the world-space envelope. Rasterio <1.5 uses
-            # the geometry's vertices directly, which gives a tighter window
-            # on rotated grids; pass the envelope explicitly on all versions.
-            window = rasterio.features.geometry_window(src, [geom.envelope])
+            window = rasterio.features.geometry_window(src, [geom])
         else:
             window = rasterio.windows.Window(0, 0, src.width, src.height)
         transform = src.window_transform(window)
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/tests/test_raster.py b/python/sedonadb/tests/test_raster.py
index 20f896bbc5..5f2a92f7ae 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/tests/test_raster.py
+++ b/python/sedonadb/tests/test_raster.py
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ def test_iter_rasters_handles_chunks_and_nulls(con):
     assert sum(raster is None for raster in rasters) == 1
 
 
-def test_iter_rasters_handles_sliced_array_offsets(pyarrow25):
+def test_iter_rasters_handles_sliced_array_offsets():
     first = pa.array(Raster.from_numpy(np.full((4, 4), 11, dtype=np.uint16)))
     second = pa.array(Raster.from_numpy(np.full((4, 4), 22, dtype=np.uint16)))
     array = pa.concat_arrays([first, second]).slice(1, 1)
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ def test_iter_rasters_handles_sliced_array_offsets(pyarrow25):
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("parent_null", [False, True])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("start", [0, 1, 2])
-def test_iter_rasters_null_bands_with_nonempty_offsets(pyarrow25, parent_null, start):
+def test_iter_rasters_null_bands_with_nonempty_offsets(parent_null, start):
     storage = pa.concat_arrays(
         [
             Raster.from_numpy(np.full((4, 4), value, dtype=np.uint16))._array
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ def test_iter_rasters_null_bands_with_nonempty_offsets(pyarrow25, parent_null, s
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("start, length", [(0, 10), (3, 6), (3, 1), (4, 0)])
-def test_iter_rasters_sliced_validity(pyarrow25, start, length):
+def test_iter_rasters_sliced_validity(start, length):
     raster = Raster.from_numpy(np.ones((4, 4), dtype=np.uint16))
     storage = pa.concat_arrays([raster._array] * 10)
     nulls = [True, False, False, True, False, False, False, True, False, True]
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ def test_raster_lazy_nd():
     assert r.height == 256
 
 
-def test_raster_from_numpy_2d(pyarrow25):
+def test_raster_from_numpy_2d():
     # Use array >12 bytes so BinaryView uses out-of-line storage (zero-copy eligible)
     arr = np.arange(4 * 5, dtype="uint8").reshape(4, 5)
     r = Raster.from_numpy(arr)
@@ -382,16 +382,9 @@ def test_raster_from_numpy_2d(pyarrow25):
     assert np.shares_memory(b.to_numpy(), arr)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("version", ["21.0.0", "22.0.0", "24.0.0"])
-def test_raster_from_numpy_requires_pyarrow_25(monkeypatch, version):
-    monkeypatch.setattr(pa, "__version__", version)
-    with pytest.raises(ImportError, match=r"requires PyArrow >= 25\.0\.0"):
-        Raster.from_numpy(np.arange(6, dtype=np.uint8).reshape(2, 3))
-
-
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("nbytes", [0, 1, 6, 12, 13, 1024])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("strided", [False, True])
-def test_raster_from_numpy_arrow_roundtrip(pyarrow25, nbytes, strided):
+def test_raster_from_numpy_arrow_roundtrip(nbytes, strided):
     source = np.arange(nbytes * (2 if strided else 1), dtype=np.uint8)
     pixels = (source[::2] if strided else source).reshape(1, nbytes)
     raster = Raster.from_numpy(pixels)
@@ -407,7 +400,7 @@ def test_raster_from_numpy_arrow_roundtrip(pyarrow25, nbytes, strided):
         assert np.shares_memory(restored, pixels) == (not strided)
 
 
-def test_raster_from_numpy_nd_with_crs(pyarrow25):
+def test_raster_from_numpy_nd_with_crs():
     arr = np.arange(2 * 2 * 3, dtype="float32").reshape(2, 2, 3)
     r = Raster.from_numpy(arr, dim_names=["time", "y", "x"], crs="EPSG:4326")
 
@@ -426,7 +419,7 @@ def test_raster_from_numpy_invalid_shape():
         Raster.from_numpy(np.zeros((2, 2, 3), dtype="uint8"))
 
 
-def test_raster_from_numpy_bbox_matches_rasterio(pyarrow25):
+def test_raster_from_numpy_bbox_matches_rasterio():
     # bbox (pixel/default) must produce rasterio.transform.from_bounds, in GDAL order.
     rasterio = pytest.importorskip("rasterio")
 
@@ -452,7 +445,7 @@ def test_raster_from_numpy_bbox_and_transform_mutually_exclusive():
         )
 
 
-def test_raster_from_numpy_bbox_registration_node(pyarrow25):
+def test_raster_from_numpy_bbox_registration_node():
     # A node-registered grid maps the bbox to cell centers, so its transform
     # differs from the default pixel registration (exact values are pinned by the
     # Rust unit test); this is the Python end-to-end smoke.
@@ -583,17 +576,17 @@ def test_get_binary_view_buffer_sliced():
         ("float64", -12345.5),
     ],
 )
-def test_band_nodata(pyarrow25, dtype, nodata):
+def test_band_nodata(dtype, nodata):
     r = Raster.from_numpy(np.zeros((2, 3), dtype=dtype), nodata=nodata)
     assert r.bands[0].nodata == nodata
 
 
-def test_band_nodata_unset(pyarrow25):
+def test_band_nodata_unset():
     r = Raster.from_numpy(np.zeros((2, 3), dtype="uint8"))
     assert r.bands[0].nodata is None
 
 
-def test_raster_to_numpy_single_band_is_zero_copy(pyarrow25):
+def test_raster_to_numpy_single_band_is_zero_copy():
     data = np.arange(6, dtype="float32").reshape(2, 3)
     r = Raster.from_numpy(data)
     out = r.to_numpy()
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/tests/test_udf.py b/python/sedonadb/tests/test_udf.py
index 42ff97a30b..53e5645d82 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/tests/test_udf.py
+++ b/python/sedonadb/tests/test_udf.py
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ def points(arg):
     assert result.to_pylist() == [1.0, None, 3.0]
 
 
-def test_arrow_udf_raster_list_output(pyarrow25, con):
+def test_arrow_udf_raster_list_output(con):
     import numpy as np
     from sedonadb.raster import Raster
 
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ def test_native_scalar_udf_register_appends_overload(con):
     )
 
 
-def test_raster_udf_over_loaded_raster_as_pixel_argument(pyarrow25, con, tmp_path):
+def test_raster_udf_over_loaded_raster_as_pixel_argument(con, tmp_path):
     """A Python raster UDF over RS_EnsureLoaded(..), passed as the raster of
     functions that read pixels. The planner wraps the UDF's output in another
     RS_EnsureLoaded, which passes the already loaded pixels through. Two calls

From 1123833c1e2a04ee086730258562a8e9b147c08d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dewey Dunnington <dewey@dunnington.ca>
Date: Thu, 29 Oct 2026 22:09:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 4/4] build(python): keep PyArrow optional and bound test
 dependencies

---
 python/sedonadb/README.md      | 2 --
 python/sedonadb/pyproject.toml | 7 +++----
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/sedonadb/README.md b/python/sedonadb/README.md
index fa24cc943a..a7ae99e152 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/README.md
+++ b/python/sedonadb/README.md
@@ -23,8 +23,6 @@ This package is a Python interface to [SedonaDB](https://sedona.apache.org/sedon
 
 ## Installation
 
-Requires Python 3.10 or later and PyArrow 25 or later.
-
 SedonaDB for Python can be installed from [PyPI](https://pypi.org):
 
 ```shell
diff --git a/python/sedonadb/pyproject.toml b/python/sedonadb/pyproject.toml
index 69fd5382bb..1014b99c12 100644
--- a/python/sedonadb/pyproject.toml
+++ b/python/sedonadb/pyproject.toml
@@ -28,9 +28,6 @@ classifiers = [
     "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython",
 ]
 dynamic = ["version"]
-# Earlier PyArrow releases can segfault when exporting inline binary views.
-# https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/50166
-dependencies = ["pyarrow>=25.0.0"]
 
 [project.optional-dependencies]
 test = [
@@ -45,6 +42,8 @@ test = [
     "geopandas",
     "pandas",
     "polars",
+    # Raster export tests need the inline binary view fix in Arrow 25.
+    "pyarrow>=25.0.0",
     "pytest",
     "pyyaml",
     "rasterio",
@@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ geopandas = [
 build = "cp310-*"
 # Set here rather than via CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES in the workflow: environment
 # variables take precedence over the overrides below.
-test-requires = ["pytest", "adbc_driver_manager", "geoarrow-pyarrow", "geopandas", "duckdb"]
+test-requires = ["pyarrow>=25.0.0", "pytest", "adbc_driver_manager", "geoarrow-pyarrow", "geopandas", "duckdb"]
 
 [tool.maturin]
 features = ["pyo3/extension-module", "pyo3/abi3-py310"]