diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing.h b/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing.h
index 1b300074851..1c2102fe370 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing.h
@@ -829,11 +829,18 @@ static inline bool ParseTimestampStrptime(const char* buf, size_t length,
   if (!allow_trailing_chars && static_cast<size_t>(ret - clean_copy.c_str()) != length) {
     return false;
   }
+  // tm_year + 1900 can overflow int (e.g. with %s), and date::year only
+  // holds 16 bits
+  const int64_t year = static_cast<int64_t>(result.tm_year) + 1900;
+  if (year < static_cast<int>(arrow_vendored::date::year::min()) ||
+      year > static_cast<int>(arrow_vendored::date::year::max())) {
+    return false;
+  }
   // Reject impossible dates such as February 30 or a zero day, which strptime
   // may accept (the day of month is checked against 31 at most), instead of
   // rolling them over into the next month; consistent with the ISO-8601 parser.
   const arrow_vendored::date::year_month_day ymd =
-      arrow_vendored::date::year(result.tm_year + 1900) / (result.tm_mon + 1) /
+      arrow_vendored::date::year(static_cast<int>(year)) / (result.tm_mon + 1) /
       result.tm_mday;
   if (!ymd.ok()) {
     return false;
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing_test.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing_test.cc
index 69baba169ff..875418f3195 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing_test.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing_test.cc
@@ -928,6 +928,25 @@ TEST(TimestampParser, StrptimeWithoutDay) {
   ASSERT_EQ(expected, converted);
 }
 
+TEST(TimestampParser, StrptimeYearOutOfRange) {
+  auto parser = TimestampParser::MakeStrptime("%s");
+  int64_t converted = 0;
+  // A value past 2038 (2100-01-01), as a strptime that parses %s into a 32-bit
+  // time_t wraps larger values into ordinary dates
+  if (!(*parser)("4102444800", 10, TimeUnit::SECOND, &converted) ||
+      converted != 4102444800) {
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "strptime does not support 64-bit %s values on this platform";
+  }
+
+  // Years that do not fit in a date::year are rejected rather than wrapped,
+  // also where tm_year + 1900 would overflow int
+  for (const std::string value :
+       {"1000000000000000", "67768036000000000", "67768036191676799"}) {
+    SCOPED_TRACE(value);
+    ASSERT_FALSE((*parser)(value.c_str(), value.size(), TimeUnit::SECOND, &converted));
+  }
+}
+
 TEST(TimestampParser, StrptimeZoneOffset) {
   if (!kStrptimeSupportsZone) {
     GTEST_SKIP() << "strptime does not support %z on this platform";