diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 388be0930..ff343d43b 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -92,10 +92,11 @@ set PATH=%PATH%;c:\msys64\usr\bin
 
 The build produces three artifacts:
 
-- The main .aar file, which contains the backend Kotlin code, web assets, and
-Anki backend code compiled for Android.
-- An Android wrapper .aar in `rsdroid-android/build/outputs/aar`. Its published
-Maven metadata declares an API dependency on the main backend artifact.
+- The backend API .aar in `rsdroid/build/outputs/aar`, which contains the backend
+Kotlin code and generated Protocol Buffer classes.
+- The Android .aar in `rsdroid-android/build/outputs/aar`, which contains the SQLite
+adapter, web assets, and Anki backend code compiled for Android. Its published
+Maven metadata declares an API dependency on the backend API artifact.
 - A .jar that contains the backend code compiled for the host platform, for use
 with Robolectric unit tests.
 
@@ -156,6 +157,10 @@ in the AnkiDroid repo, and add the following line:
 local_backend=true
 ```
 
+The local dependency configuration in AnkiDroid must include both
+`rsdroid/build/outputs/aar/rsdroid-release.aar` and
+`rsdroid-android/build/outputs/aar/rsdroid-android-release.aar`.
+
 Check `Anki-AndroidBackend/gradle.properties`'s `BACKEND_VERSION` and
 `Anki-Android/build.gradle`'s `ext.ankidroid_backend_version`. Both variables
 should have the same value. If it is not the case, you must edit Anki-Android's
diff --git a/build_rust/src/main.rs b/build_rust/src/main.rs
index 056917257..e00e335e5 100644
--- a/build_rust/src/main.rs
+++ b/build_rust/src/main.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use std::process::Command;
 use streaming_iterator::StreamingIterator;
 use tree_sitter::{Parser, Query, QueryCursor};
 
-const ANDROID_OUT_DIR: &str = "rsdroid/build/generated/jniLibs";
+const ANDROID_OUT_DIR: &str = "rsdroid-android/build/generated/jniLibs";
 const ROBOLECTRIC_OUT_DIR: &str = "rsdroid-testing/build/generated/jniLibs";
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ fn run_gradle() -> Result<()> {
 
 fn build_web_artifacts() -> Result<()> {
     println!("*** Building desktop web components");
-    let artifacts_dir = Path::new("rsdroid/build/generated/anki_artifacts/backend");
+    let artifacts_dir = Path::new("rsdroid-android/build/generated/anki_artifacts/backend");
     let mut cmd = if cfg!(windows) {
         let mut cmd = Command::new("cmd");
         cmd.args(["/c", "tools\\ninja.bat"]);
diff --git a/check-droid.bat b/check-droid.bat
index b49f9db41..de3cfdd50 100755
--- a/check-droid.bat
+++ b/check-droid.bat
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-if not exist rsdroid\build\outputs\aar\rsdroid-release.aar (
+if not exist rsdroid-android\build\outputs\aar\rsdroid-android-release.aar (
     echo "Run ./build.bat first"
     exit 1
 )
diff --git a/check-droid.sh b/check-droid.sh
index 8a5431096..9d4f2034d 100755
--- a/check-droid.sh
+++ b/check-droid.sh
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 set -e
 
-test -f rsdroid/build/outputs/aar/rsdroid-release.aar || (
+test -f rsdroid-android/build/outputs/aar/rsdroid-android-release.aar || (
     echo "Run ./build.sh first"
     exit 1
 )
diff --git a/docs/ARCHITECTURE.md b/docs/ARCHITECTURE.md
index d0cbb68a8..7b1cde754 100644
--- a/docs/ARCHITECTURE.md
+++ b/docs/ARCHITECTURE.md
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ This repo is comprised of three main components:
 - `rsdroid` is a Kotlin library that provides a friendly interface to the backend code. The bulk of its code is automatically
   generated from the service definitions in `anki/proto/anki`. It also exposes the Rust database functionality
   through `SQLHandler`.
-- `rsdroid-android` is the Android entry point, published as `anki-backend-android`. It is to be
-  referenced by `Anki-Android` and package the Android native libraries (`librsdroid.so` for each
-  supported architecture) and bundle web assets as Android assets. It exposes `rsdroid` through an `api` dependency.
+- `rsdroid-android` is the Android entry point, published as `anki-backend-android`. It is
+  referenced by `Anki-Android`, packages the Android native libraries (`librsdroid.so` for each 
+  supported architecture), and bundles web assets as Android assets. It exposes `rsdroid` through an `api` dependency.
 
 Other folders:
 
diff --git a/gradle.properties b/gradle.properties
index 7b2edb687..a1a841c08 100644
--- a/gradle.properties
+++ b/gradle.properties
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ android.useAndroidX=true
 android.enableJetifier=false
 
 GROUP=io.github.david-allison
-VERSION_NAME=0.1.74-anki26.09.3
+VERSION_NAME=0.1.75-anki26.09.3
 
 POM_INCEPTION_YEAR=2020
 
diff --git a/gradle/libs.versions.toml b/gradle/libs.versions.toml
index 73ff0a76b..2970fa52d 100644
--- a/gradle/libs.versions.toml
+++ b/gradle/libs.versions.toml
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ espresso = "3.7.0"
 androidGradlePlugin = "9.4.1"
 gradleMavenPublishPlugin = "0.37.0"
 junit = "6.1.3"
+junit4 = "4.13.2"
 # https://github.com/JetBrains/kotlin/releases/
 kotlin = '2.4.21'
 # https://github.com/Kotlin/kotlinx.serialization/releases
@@ -55,6 +56,7 @@ slf4j-api = { module = "org.slf4j:slf4j-api", version.ref = "slf4j" }
 androidx-test-junit = { module = "androidx.test.ext:junit", version.ref = "androidxTestJunit" }
 androidx-espresso-core = { module = "androidx.test.espresso:espresso-core", version.ref = "espresso" }
 jakewharton-timber = { module = "com.jakewharton.timber:timber", version.ref = "timber" }
+junit4 = { module = "junit:junit", version.ref = "junit4" }
 junit-jupiter = { module = "org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter", version.ref = "junit" }
 junit-platform-launcher = { module = "org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher", version.ref = "junit" }
 robolectric = { module = "org.robolectric:robolectric", version.ref = "robolectric" }
diff --git a/rsdroid-android/README.md b/rsdroid-android/README.md
index 303278690..307541cce 100644
--- a/rsdroid-android/README.md
+++ b/rsdroid-android/README.md
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ Android entry point for the Anki backend. This Android library exposes
 [`:rsdroid`](../rsdroid) through an `api` dependency, so consumers can use the
 backend API through this module.
 
-## Planned contents
+## Contents
 
-After the split, `anki-backend-android` will contain:
+`anki-backend-android` contains:
 
 - Android native libraries (`librsdroid.so` for each supported architecture).
 - Web assets packaged as Android assets.
-- Android SQLite adapters
\ No newline at end of file
+- Android SQLite adapters
diff --git a/rsdroid-android/build.gradle b/rsdroid-android/build.gradle
index 4d6c1b1fa..bc0d35e9a 100644
--- a/rsdroid-android/build.gradle
+++ b/rsdroid-android/build.gradle
@@ -1,12 +1,20 @@
+import com.android.build.gradle.tasks.BundleAar
+
+import java.util.zip.ZipFile
+
 plugins {
     alias(libs.plugins.android.library)
     id 'signing'
     alias(libs.plugins.gradle.maven.publish.plugin)
 }
 
+// The Rust build generates the core sources and this module's native libraries and assets.
+tasks.named('preBuild').configure { dependsOn(':rsdroid:buildRust') }
+
 android {
     namespace = 'net.ankiweb.rsdroid.android'
     compileSdk = libs.versions.compileSdk.get().toInteger()
+    ndkVersion = libs.versions.ndk.get()
 
     compileOptions {
         sourceCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_11
@@ -33,6 +41,29 @@ android {
     lint {
         targetSdk = libs.versions.targetSdk.get().toInteger()
     }
+
+    sourceSets {
+        main {
+            jniLibs.srcDirs 'build/generated/jniLibs'
+            assets {
+                srcDirs "build/generated/anki_artifacts"
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+afterEvaluate {
+    // only the publishable AARs: AGP 9's bundle<Variant>LocalLintAar tasks omit jniLibs
+    tasks.withType(BundleAar).matching { it.name ==~ /bundle(Debug|Release)Aar/ }.configureEach { bundleAarTask ->
+        bundleAarTask.doLast {
+            def aarFile = bundleAarTask.outputs.files.singleFile
+            def zipFile = new ZipFile(aarFile)
+            int libCount = zipFile.entries().toList().count { it.name.contains(".so") }
+            if (libCount == 0 || (System.getenv("ALL_ARCHS") == "1" && libCount != 4)) {
+                throw new GradleException("AAR appears to be missing shared library!")
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 dependencies {
diff --git a/rsdroid/build.gradle b/rsdroid/build.gradle
index bbd6cdecf..d2e30cc7c 100644
--- a/rsdroid/build.gradle
+++ b/rsdroid/build.gradle
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-import com.android.build.gradle.tasks.BundleAar
-
-import java.util.zip.ZipFile
-
 plugins {
     alias(libs.plugins.android.library) // required for aar generation to link to from AnkiDroid
     id 'signing'
@@ -33,7 +29,6 @@ androidComponents {
 android {
     namespace = 'net.ankiweb.rsdroid'
     compileSdk = libs.versions.compileSdk.get().toInteger()
-    ndkVersion = libs.versions.ndk.get()
 
     compileOptions {
         sourceCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_11
@@ -65,27 +60,9 @@ android {
         main {
             kotlin.srcDirs += "build/generated/source/backend"
             java.srcDirs += "build/generated/source/backend"
-            jniLibs.srcDirs 'build/generated/jniLibs'
             resources {
                 srcDirs "src/main/resources"
             }
-            assets {
-                srcDirs "build/generated/anki_artifacts"
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-afterEvaluate {
-    // only the publishable AARs: AGP 9's bundle<Variant>LocalLintAar tasks omit jniLibs
-    tasks.withType(BundleAar).matching { it.name ==~ /bundle(Debug|Release)Aar/ }.configureEach { bundleAarTask ->
-        bundleAarTask.doLast {
-            def aarFile = bundleAarTask.outputs.files.singleFile
-            def zipFile = new ZipFile(aarFile)
-            int libCount = zipFile.entries().toList().count { it.name.contains(".so") }
-            if (libCount == 0 || (System.getenv("ALL_ARCHS") == "1" && libCount != 4)) {
-                throw new GradleException("AAR appears to be missing shared library!")
-            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -99,10 +76,7 @@ dependencies {
     implementation libs.androidx.annotation
     implementation libs.slf4j.api
 
-    testImplementation libs.junit.jupiter
-    testImplementation libs.robolectric
-    testImplementation libs.androidx.core
-    testImplementation libs.androidx.test.junit
+    testImplementation libs.junit4
     testImplementation project(path: ':rsdroid-testing')
 }
 
diff --git a/rsdroid/src/test/java/net/ankiweb/BackendCloseRaceTest.kt b/rsdroid/src/test/java/net/ankiweb/BackendCloseRaceTest.kt
index 769eeab4e..1720e95d7 100644
--- a/rsdroid/src/test/java/net/ankiweb/BackendCloseRaceTest.kt
+++ b/rsdroid/src/test/java/net/ankiweb/BackendCloseRaceTest.kt
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
 package net.ankiweb
 
-import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.jsonArray
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.jsonPrimitive
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.long
@@ -14,7 +13,6 @@ import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
 import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
 import org.junit.Before
 import org.junit.Test
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 import kotlin.concurrent.thread
 import kotlin.time.Duration
 import kotlin.time.Duration.Companion.milliseconds
@@ -27,7 +25,6 @@ import kotlin.time.Duration.Companion.minutes
  *
  * https://github.com/ankidroid/Anki-Android/issues/21455
  */
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
 class BackendCloseRaceTest {
     @Before
     fun loadLibrary() {
diff --git a/rsdroid/src/test/java/net/ankiweb/CollectionCreationJvmTest.kt b/rsdroid/src/test/java/net/ankiweb/CollectionCreationJvmTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0ff1c171d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rsdroid/src/test/java/net/ankiweb/CollectionCreationJvmTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+package net.ankiweb
+
+import net.ankiweb.rsdroid.BackendFactory.getBackend
+import net.ankiweb.rsdroid.testing.RustBackendLoader.ensureSetup
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Test
+
+/** Verifies collection creation through the backend API on a plain JVM. */
+class CollectionCreationJvmTest {
+    @Test
+    fun collectionOpensAndAnswersQueries() {
+        ensureSetup()
+        getBackend().use { backend ->
+            backend.openCollection(":memory:")
+            val response = backend.fullQueryProto("SELECT count(*) FROM col", emptyArray())
+            assertEquals(1, response.rowCount)
+            val row = response.result.getRows(0)
+            assertEquals(1L, row.getFields(0).longValue)
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rsdroid/src/test/java/net/ankiweb/DbRequestBindingTest.kt b/rsdroid/src/test/java/net/ankiweb/DbRequestBindingTest.kt
index 8fe5459c0..dbc8e3d26 100644
--- a/rsdroid/src/test/java/net/ankiweb/DbRequestBindingTest.kt
+++ b/rsdroid/src/test/java/net/ankiweb/DbRequestBindingTest.kt
@@ -1,16 +1,13 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
 package net.ankiweb
 
-import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4
 import anki.ankidroid.SqlValue.DataCase
 import net.ankiweb.rsdroid.BackendFactory.getBackend
 import net.ankiweb.rsdroid.testing.RustBackendLoader.ensureSetup
 import org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals
 import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
 import org.junit.Test
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
 class DbRequestBindingTest {
     @Test
     fun bindArgumentsKeepTheirSqliteTypesAndValues() {
diff --git a/rsdroid/src/test/java/net/ankiweb/FullQueryTest.kt b/rsdroid/src/test/java/net/ankiweb/FullQueryTest.kt
index a1cd9df5d..1011e9b29 100644
--- a/rsdroid/src/test/java/net/ankiweb/FullQueryTest.kt
+++ b/rsdroid/src/test/java/net/ankiweb/FullQueryTest.kt
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
 package net.ankiweb
 
-import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonNull
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.double
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.int
@@ -19,9 +18,7 @@ import org.junit.Assert.assertThrows
 import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
 import org.junit.Before
 import org.junit.Test
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
 class FullQueryTest {
     @Before
     fun loadLibrary() {