diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index a5a0779..92b8ff1 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -116,6 +116,7 @@ than one that stops, because the gap only shows up in flight.
 | Integers, 1–64 bits, all three signed codings | Yes |
 | IEEE-754 binary16, binary32, binary64 | Yes |
 | MIL-STD-1750A | Refused — reading it is many-to-one, so there is no inverse to write |
+| A base container left concrete beside its own children | Refused by name — `abstract` defaults to false in XTCE, and a container with no restriction criteria matches every packet long enough to hold it, so the generated `decode` would answer `Ambiguous` for all of them |
 | Booleans, enumerations (as generated Rust enums) | Yes |
 | Fixed-size text: whole-buffer, terminated, length-prefixed | Yes |
 | Fixed-size binary | Yes |
diff --git a/crates/xtce-flight/src/layout.rs b/crates/xtce-flight/src/layout.rs
index 8350318..428f313 100644
--- a/crates/xtce-flight/src/layout.rs
+++ b/crates/xtce-flight/src/layout.rs
@@ -309,6 +309,27 @@ pub fn build(plan: &Plan) -> Result<Layout, FlightError> {
         });
     }
 
+    // A container with no restriction criteria matches every packet long enough to hold it —
+    // its generated `matches` is `true` — so a decoder holding it beside any other container
+    // answers `Ambiguous` for every packet it is ever given. XTCE's `abstract` defaults to
+    // false, which makes an unmarked base container, the ordinary CCSDS primary-header shape,
+    // exactly that. Refused here by name rather than generated into a decoder that rejects
+    // every packet once it is on the spacecraft.
+    let unconditional = containers
+        .iter()
+        .find(|held| held.constants.is_empty())
+        .filter(|_| containers.len() > 1);
+    if let Some(unconditional) = unconditional {
+        return Err(FlightError::Unsupported {
+            element: "SequenceContainer".to_owned(),
+            container: unconditional.xtce_name.clone(),
+            reason: "this container has no restriction criteria, so it matches every packet \
+                     long enough to hold it; beside the other containers generated here that \
+                     makes every packet ambiguous. Mark it abstract=\"true\" if other \
+                     containers inherit from it, or give it criteria that select it",
+        });
+    }
+
     Ok(Layout {
         containers,
         enums: builder.enums,
diff --git a/crates/xtce-flight/tests/layout.rs b/crates/xtce-flight/tests/layout.rs
index 9c83b9b..01b8f4e 100644
--- a/crates/xtce-flight/tests/layout.rs
+++ b/crates/xtce-flight/tests/layout.rs
@@ -234,6 +234,54 @@ fn a_data_dependent_width_is_refused() {
     );
 }
 
+/// A base left concrete matches everything, and `abstract` defaults to false.
+///
+/// The generated `matches` for a container with no criteria is `true`, so a decoder holding it
+/// beside its own children answers `Ambiguous` for every packet. Refused at generation time
+/// rather than discovered on the spacecraft.
+#[test]
+fn a_base_container_that_is_not_abstract_is_refused_by_name() {
+    let body = r#"    <ParameterTypeSet>
+      <IntegerParameterType name="APID_T">
+        <IntegerDataEncoding sizeInBits="8" encoding="unsigned"/>
+      </IntegerParameterType>
+      <IntegerParameterType name="DATA_T">
+        <IntegerDataEncoding sizeInBits="8" encoding="unsigned"/>
+      </IntegerParameterType>
+    </ParameterTypeSet>
+    <ParameterSet>
+      <Parameter name="APID" parameterTypeRef="APID_T"/>
+      <Parameter name="DATA" parameterTypeRef="DATA_T"/>
+    </ParameterSet>
+    <ContainerSet>
+      <SequenceContainer name="Base">
+        <EntryList>
+          <ParameterRefEntry parameterRef="APID"/>
+        </EntryList>
+      </SequenceContainer>
+      <SequenceContainer name="Child">
+        <EntryList>
+          <ParameterRefEntry parameterRef="DATA"/>
+        </EntryList>
+        <BaseContainer containerRef="Base">
+          <RestrictionCriteria>
+            <Comparison parameterRef="APID" value="42" useCalibratedValue="false"/>
+          </RestrictionCriteria>
+        </BaseContainer>
+      </SequenceContainer>
+    </ContainerSet>"#;
+
+    let message = refusal(layout_of(body));
+    assert!(
+        message.contains("Base"),
+        "the refusal has to name it: {message}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        message.contains("no restriction criteria"),
+        "unexpected refusal: {message}"
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn restriction_criteria_become_constants_and_leave_the_struct() {
     let body = r#"    <ParameterTypeSet>