When [Andrej Karpathy describes LLMs as "ghosts"](https://www.dwarkesh.com/p/andrej-karpathy#:~:text=We%E2%80%99re%20building%20ghosts%20or%20spirits%20or%20whatever%20people%20want%20to%20call%20it%2C%20because%20we%E2%80%99re%20not%20doing%20training%20by%20evolution.) rather than artificial animals—"ethereal spirit entities" that are "[hazy recollections of internet documents](https://simonwillison.net/2024/Oct/18/agi-is-still-a-decade-away/)"—he's tapping into something *dead* serious that literary theorists have opined for decades 💀. [Jacques Derrida's hauntology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauntology) argued that all texts are haunted by absent presences (no bones about it!), while [Roland Barthes declared the author dead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Author) 🪦, replaced by a spectral play of prior writings. From [medieval grimoires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimoire) that summoned demons through written sigils 😈 to [Kabbalistic traditions](https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/kabbalah-mysticism-101/) where Hebrew letters channel divine creative power, humans have always understood writing as a [necromantic practice](https://literariness.org/2017/07/06/spectral-criticism-literary-theory/)—talk about *spell-check*! When [19th-century mediums practiced automatic writing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_writing) 🔮, allegedly channeling spirits through their hands, they were enacting what [Maurice Blanchot would later call](https://iep.utm.edu/maurice-blanchot/) reading as "raising Lazarus"—dialogue with the dead (or as we call it now, "prompt engineering").
0 commit comments