diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index a11a6fa..791e333 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -41,6 +41,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "anes"
+version = "0.1.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4b46cbb362ab8752921c97e041f5e366ee6297bd428a31275b9fcf1e380f7299"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "anstream"
 version = "0.6.21"
@@ -108,7 +114,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "hex",
  "lzma-rust2",
  "rayon",
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.10.9",
  "shellexpand",
  "tempfile",
  "ureq",
@@ -129,7 +135,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "lazy_static",
  "opendal",
  "serde",
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.10.9",
  "tokio",
  "tokio-stream",
  "tokio-util",
@@ -265,6 +271,18 @@ version = "0.22.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "72b3254f16251a8381aa12e40e3c4d2f0199f8c6508fbecb9d91f575e0fbb8c6"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "benches"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "criterion",
+ "opendal",
+ "rand 0.9.2",
+ "sha2 0.11.0",
+ "tempdir",
+ "tokio",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
 version = "2.10.0"
@@ -280,6 +298,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "generic-array",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "block-buffer"
+version = "0.12.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cdd35008169921d80bc60d3d0ab416eecb028c4cd653352907921d95084790be"
+dependencies = [
+ "hybrid-array",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "brotli"
 version = "8.0.2"
@@ -319,6 +346,12 @@ version = "1.10.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d71b6127be86fdcfddb610f7182ac57211d4b18a3e9c82eb2d17662f2227ad6a"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "cast"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "37b2a672a2cb129a2e41c10b1224bb368f9f37a2b16b612598138befd7b37eb5"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
 version = "1.2.45"
@@ -356,6 +389,33 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-link",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ciborium"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "42e69ffd6f0917f5c029256a24d0161db17cea3997d185db0d35926308770f0e"
+dependencies = [
+ "ciborium-io",
+ "ciborium-ll",
+ "serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ciborium-io"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "05afea1e0a06c9be33d539b876f1ce3692f4afea2cb41f740e7743225ed1c757"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ciborium-ll"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "57663b653d948a338bfb3eeba9bb2fd5fcfaecb9e199e87e1eda4d9e8b240fd9"
+dependencies = [
+ "ciborium-io",
+ "half",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
 version = "4.5.51"
@@ -415,7 +475,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "lzma-rust2",
  "opendal",
  "serde",
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.10.9",
  "tokio",
  "zstd",
 ]
@@ -446,6 +506,12 @@ version = "0.9.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c2459377285ad874054d797f3ccebf984978aa39129f6eafde5cdc8315b612f8"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "const-oid"
+version = "0.10.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a6ef517f0926dd24a1582492c791b6a4818a4d94e789a334894aa15b0d12f55c"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "const-random"
 version = "0.1.18"
@@ -481,6 +547,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "cpufeatures"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8b2a41393f66f16b0823bb79094d54ac5fbd34ab292ddafb9a0456ac9f87d201"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "crc"
 version = "3.3.0"
@@ -514,6 +589,42 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "criterion"
+version = "0.5.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f2b12d017a929603d80db1831cd3a24082f8137ce19c69e6447f54f5fc8d692f"
+dependencies = [
+ "anes",
+ "cast",
+ "ciborium",
+ "clap",
+ "criterion-plot",
+ "is-terminal",
+ "itertools",
+ "num-traits",
+ "once_cell",
+ "oorandom",
+ "plotters",
+ "rayon",
+ "regex",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_derive",
+ "serde_json",
+ "tinytemplate",
+ "walkdir",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "criterion-plot"
+version = "0.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6b50826342786a51a89e2da3a28f1c32b06e387201bc2d19791f622c673706b1"
+dependencies = [
+ "cast",
+ "itertools",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-deque"
 version = "0.8.6"
@@ -555,18 +666,38 @@ dependencies = [
  "typenum",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "crypto-common"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "77727bb15fa921304124b128af125e7e3b968275d1b108b379190264f4423710"
+dependencies = [
+ "hybrid-array",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "digest"
 version = "0.10.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9ed9a281f7bc9b7576e61468ba615a66a5c8cfdff42420a70aa82701a3b1e292"
 dependencies = [
- "block-buffer",
- "const-oid",
- "crypto-common",
+ "block-buffer 0.10.4",
+ "const-oid 0.9.6",
+ "crypto-common 0.1.6",
  "subtle",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "digest"
+version = "0.11.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4850db49bf08e663084f7fb5c87d202ef91a3907271aff24a94eb97ff039153c"
+dependencies = [
+ "block-buffer 0.12.0",
+ "const-oid 0.10.2",
+ "crypto-common 0.2.1",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "dirs"
 version = "6.0.0"
@@ -682,6 +813,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "percent-encoding",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "fuchsia-cprng"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a06f77d526c1a601b7c4cdd98f54b5eaabffc14d5f2f0296febdc7f357c6d3ba"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "futures"
 version = "0.3.31"
@@ -820,6 +957,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "half"
+version = "2.7.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6ea2d84b969582b4b1864a92dc5d27cd2b77b622a8d79306834f1be5ba20d84b"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "crunchy",
+ "zerocopy",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.14.5"
@@ -838,6 +986,12 @@ version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2304e00983f87ffb38b55b444b5e3b60a884b5d30c0fca7d82fe33449bbe55ea"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "hermit-abi"
+version = "0.5.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fc0fef456e4baa96da950455cd02c081ca953b141298e41db3fc7e36b1da849c"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "hex"
 version = "0.4.3"
@@ -850,7 +1004,7 @@ version = "0.12.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6c49c37c09c17a53d937dfbb742eb3a961d65a994e6bcdcf37e7399d0cc8ab5e"
 dependencies = [
- "digest",
+ "digest 0.10.7",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -908,6 +1062,15 @@ version = "1.0.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "df3b46402a9d5adb4c86a0cf463f42e19994e3ee891101b1841f30a545cb49a9"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "hybrid-array"
+version = "0.4.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "08d46837a0ed51fe95bd3b05de33cd64a1ee88fc797477ca48446872504507c5"
+dependencies = [
+ "typenum",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "hyper"
 version = "1.7.0"
@@ -1129,12 +1292,32 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "is-terminal"
+version = "0.4.17"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3640c1c38b8e4e43584d8df18be5fc6b0aa314ce6ebf51b53313d4306cca8e46"
+dependencies = [
+ "hermit-abi",
+ "libc",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "is_terminal_polyfill"
 version = "1.70.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a6cb138bb79a146c1bd460005623e142ef0181e3d0219cb493e02f7d08a35695"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "itertools"
+version = "0.10.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b0fd2260e829bddf4cb6ea802289de2f86d6a7a690192fbe91b3f46e0f2c8473"
+dependencies = [
+ "either",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "itoa"
 version = "1.0.15"
@@ -1231,7 +1414,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2bd57dc1513725e598b9609a9505d6fe28ee280861e5b4d792b3db9d00b1a315"
 dependencies = [
  "crc",
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.10.9",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1256,7 +1439,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d89e7ee0cfbedfc4da3340218492196241d89eefb6dab27de5df917a6d2e78cf"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "digest",
+ "digest 0.10.7",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1322,6 +1505,12 @@ version = "1.70.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "384b8ab6d37215f3c5301a95a4accb5d64aa607f1fcb26a11b5303878451b4fe"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "oorandom"
+version = "11.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d6790f58c7ff633d8771f42965289203411a5e5c68388703c06e14f24770b41e"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "opendal"
 version = "0.54.1"
@@ -1436,6 +1625,34 @@ version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7edddbd0b52d732b21ad9a5fab5c704c14cd949e5e9a1ec5929a24fded1b904c"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "plotters"
+version = "0.3.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5aeb6f403d7a4911efb1e33402027fc44f29b5bf6def3effcc22d7bb75f2b747"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+ "plotters-backend",
+ "plotters-svg",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+ "web-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "plotters-backend"
+version = "0.3.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "df42e13c12958a16b3f7f4386b9ab1f3e7933914ecea48da7139435263a4172a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "plotters-svg"
+version = "0.3.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "51bae2ac328883f7acdfea3d66a7c35751187f870bc81f94563733a154d7a670"
+dependencies = [
+ "plotters-backend",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "potential_utf"
 version = "0.1.4"
@@ -1566,6 +1783,19 @@ version = "5.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "69cdb34c158ceb288df11e18b4bd39de994f6657d83847bdffdbd7f346754b0f"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rand"
+version = "0.4.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "552840b97013b1a26992c11eac34bdd778e464601a4c2054b5f0bff7c6761293"
+dependencies = [
+ "fuchsia-cprng",
+ "libc",
+ "rand_core 0.3.1",
+ "rdrand",
+ "winapi",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rand"
 version = "0.8.5"
@@ -1607,6 +1837,21 @@ dependencies = [
  "rand_core 0.9.3",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rand_core"
+version = "0.3.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7a6fdeb83b075e8266dcc8762c22776f6877a63111121f5f8c7411e5be7eed4b"
+dependencies = [
+ "rand_core 0.4.2",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rand_core"
+version = "0.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9c33a3c44ca05fa6f1807d8e6743f3824e8509beca625669633be0acbdf509dc"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rand_core"
 version = "0.6.4"
@@ -1645,6 +1890,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "crossbeam-utils",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rdrand"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "678054eb77286b51581ba43620cc911abf02758c91f93f479767aed0f90458b2"
+dependencies = [
+ "rand_core 0.3.1",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "redox_syscall"
 version = "0.5.18"
@@ -1665,6 +1919,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "thiserror",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "regex"
+version = "1.12.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e10754a14b9137dd7b1e3e5b0493cc9171fdd105e0ab477f51b72e7f3ac0e276"
+dependencies = [
+ "aho-corasick",
+ "memchr",
+ "regex-automata",
+ "regex-syntax",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "regex-automata"
 version = "0.4.14"
@@ -1682,6 +1948,15 @@ version = "0.8.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "dc897dd8d9e8bd1ed8cdad82b5966c3e0ecae09fb1907d58efaa013543185d0a"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "remove_dir_all"
+version = "0.5.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3acd125665422973a33ac9d3dd2df85edad0f4ae9b00dafb1a05e43a9f5ef8e7"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "reqsign"
 version = "0.16.5"
@@ -1707,7 +1982,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "sha1",
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.10.9",
  "tokio",
 ]
 
@@ -1852,6 +2127,15 @@ version = "1.0.20"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "28d3b2b1366ec20994f1fd18c3c594f05c5dd4bc44d8bb0c1c632c8d6829481f"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "same-file"
+version = "1.0.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "93fc1dc3aaa9bfed95e02e6eadabb4baf7e3078b0bd1b4d7b6b0b68378900502"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi-util",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "scopeguard"
 version = "1.2.0"
@@ -1946,8 +2230,8 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e3bf829a2d51ab4a5ddf1352d8470c140cadc8301b2ae1789db023f01cedd6ba"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "cpufeatures",
- "digest",
+ "cpufeatures 0.2.17",
+ "digest 0.10.7",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1957,11 +2241,22 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a7507d819769d01a365ab707794a4084392c824f54a7a6a7862f8c3d0892b283"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "cpufeatures",
- "digest",
+ "cpufeatures 0.2.17",
+ "digest 0.10.7",
  "sha2-asm",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "sha2"
+version = "0.11.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "446ba717509524cb3f22f17ecc096f10f4822d76ab5c0b9822c5f9c284e825f4"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "cpufeatures 0.3.0",
+ "digest 0.11.2",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "sha2-asm"
 version = "0.6.4"
@@ -2081,6 +2376,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "tempdir"
+version = "0.3.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "15f2b5fb00ccdf689e0149d1b1b3c03fead81c2b37735d812fa8bddbbf41b6d8"
+dependencies = [
+ "rand 0.4.6",
+ "remove_dir_all",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "tempfile"
 version = "3.25.0"
@@ -2142,6 +2447,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "zerovec",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "tinytemplate"
+version = "1.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "be4d6b5f19ff7664e8c98d03e2139cb510db9b0a60b55f8e8709b689d939b6bc"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "tinyvec"
 version = "1.10.0"
@@ -2395,9 +2710,9 @@ checksum = "e421abadd41a4225275504ea4d6566923418b7f05506fbc9c0fe86ba7396114b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "typenum"
-version = "1.19.0"
+version = "1.20.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "562d481066bde0658276a35467c4af00bdc6ee726305698a55b86e61d7ad82bb"
+checksum = "40ce102ab67701b8526c123c1bab5cbe42d7040ccfd0f64af1a385808d2f43de"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "uncased"
@@ -2503,6 +2818,16 @@ version = "0.9.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0b928f33d975fc6ad9f86c8f283853ad26bdd5b10b7f1542aa2fa15e2289105a"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "walkdir"
+version = "2.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "29790946404f91d9c5d06f9874efddea1dc06c5efe94541a7d6863108e3a5e4b"
+dependencies = [
+ "same-file",
+ "winapi-util",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "want"
 version = "0.3.1"
@@ -2627,6 +2952,37 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustls-pki-types",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi"
+version = "0.3.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5c839a674fcd7a98952e593242ea400abe93992746761e38641405d28b00f419"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu",
+ "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ac3b87c63620426dd9b991e5ce0329eff545bccbbb34f3be09ff6fb6ab51b7b6"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-util"
+version = "0.1.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c2a7b1c03c876122aa43f3020e6c3c3ee5c05081c9a00739faf7503aeba10d22"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-core"
 version = "0.62.2"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 6958805..1ac8c82 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [workspace]
 resolver = "3"
-members = ["client", "common", "server"]
+members = ["client", "common", "server", "benches"]
 
 [profile.release]
 lto = "thin"
diff --git a/benches/Cargo.toml b/benches/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e385ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benches/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+[package]
+name = "benches"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[dependencies]
+sha2 = "0.11.0"
+criterion = { version = "0.5", features = ["html_reports"] }
+rand = "0.9"
+opendal = { version = "0.54.1", features = ["services-fs"] }
+tempdir = "0.3.7"
+tokio = { version = "1.45.1", features = ["full"] }
+
+#[target.'cfg(unix)'.dependencies]
+#sha2 = { version = "0.10.9", features = ["asm"] }
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "benchmarks"
+harness = false
+
diff --git a/benches/benches/benchmarks.rs b/benches/benches/benchmarks.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0482a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benches/benches/benchmarks.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+use std::fs::{self, File};
+use std::hint::black_box;
+use std::io::{Read, Write};
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, BenchmarkId, Criterion, Throughput};
+use opendal::{services, Operator};
+use rand::Rng;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256, Sha512};
+use tempdir::TempDir;
+use tokio::runtime::Runtime;
+
+const KIB: usize = 1024;
+const MIB: usize = 1024 * KIB;
+const GIB: usize = 1024 * MIB;
+const TEN_GIB: usize = 10 * GIB;
+
+const CHUNK_SIZE: usize = 64 * KIB;
+const MAGIC_HEADER: &[u8] = b"\xDEADBEEF";
+
+struct FileAccessFixture {
+    root: TempDir,
+    file_names: Vec<String>,
+    total_bytes: usize,
+    operator: Operator,
+    runtime: Runtime,
+}
+
+impl FileAccessFixture {
+    fn path(&self) -> &Path {
+        self.root.path()
+    }
+}
+
+fn build_random_data(size: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut rng = rand::rng();
+    (0..size).map(|_| rng.random::<u8>()).collect()
+}
+
+fn write_file_with_repeated_chunk(path: &Path, size: usize, chunk: &[u8]) {
+    let mut file = File::create(path).expect("create fixture file");
+    let mut remaining = size;
+
+    while remaining > 0 {
+        let write_len = remaining.min(chunk.len());
+        file.write_all(&chunk[..write_len]).expect("write fixture file");
+        remaining -= write_len;
+    }
+
+    file.sync_all().expect("sync fixture file");
+}
+
+fn build_file_access_fixture() -> FileAccessFixture {
+    let total_bytes: usize = 3 * GIB;
+    let file_size = 64 * MIB;
+    let file_count = total_bytes.div_ceil(file_size);
+
+    let root = TempDir::new("file-access-bench").expect("create temp directory");
+
+    let generation_chunk = build_random_data(file_size);
+
+    let mut file_names = Vec::with_capacity(file_count);
+    let mut remaining = total_bytes;
+
+    for index in 0..file_count {
+        let file_bytes = remaining.min(file_size);
+        let file_name = format!("file-{index:04}.bin");
+
+        write_file_with_repeated_chunk(&root.path().join(&file_name), file_bytes, &generation_chunk);
+
+        file_names.push(file_name);
+        remaining -= file_bytes;
+    }
+
+    let runtime = Runtime::new().expect("create tokio runtime");
+    let operator = Operator::new(
+        services::Fs::default().root(root.path().to_str().expect("temp path is valid utf-8")),
+    )
+    .expect("create fs operator")
+    .finish();
+
+    FileAccessFixture {
+        root,
+        file_names,
+        total_bytes,
+        operator,
+        runtime,
+    }
+}
+
+fn sha2_benchmarks(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let chunk: Vec<u8> = {
+        let mut rng = rand::rng();
+        (0..CHUNK_SIZE).map(|_| rng.random::<u8>()).collect()
+    };
+    let iterations = TEN_GIB / CHUNK_SIZE;
+
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("hash-10GiB");
+    group.throughput(Throughput::Bytes(TEN_GIB as u64));
+    group.sample_size(10);
+    group.measurement_time(Duration::from_secs(200));
+
+    group.bench_function(BenchmarkId::new("SHA-256", "10GiB"), |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+            for _ in 0..iterations {
+                hasher.update(&chunk);
+            }
+            hasher.finalize()
+        });
+    });
+
+    group.bench_function(BenchmarkId::new("SHA-512", "10GiB"), |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let mut hasher = Sha512::new();
+            for _ in 0..iterations {
+                hasher.update(&chunk);
+            }
+            hasher.finalize()
+        });
+    });
+
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+fn file_access_benchmarks(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let fixture = build_file_access_fixture();
+    let file_size = fixture.total_bytes / fixture.file_names.len();
+
+    // --- Read ---
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("file-access-read");
+    group.throughput(Throughput::Bytes(fixture.total_bytes as u64));
+    group.sample_size(10);
+    group.measurement_time(Duration::from_secs(60));
+
+    group.bench_function(BenchmarkId::new("std", fixture.total_bytes), |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let mut total = 0usize;
+            for name in &fixture.file_names {
+                let mut buf = Vec::new();
+                File::open(fixture.path().join(name))
+                    .expect("open file")
+                    .read_to_end(&mut buf)
+                    .expect("read file");
+                total += buf.len();
+            }
+            black_box(total)
+        });
+    });
+
+    group.bench_function(BenchmarkId::new("opendal-fs", fixture.total_bytes), |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let total = fixture.runtime.block_on(async {
+                let mut total = 0usize;
+                for name in &fixture.file_names {
+                    total += fixture.operator.read(name).await.expect("read file").len();
+                }
+                total
+            });
+            black_box(total)
+        });
+    });
+    group.finish();
+
+    // --- Exists ---
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("file-access-exists");
+    group.throughput(Throughput::Elements(fixture.file_names.len() as u64));
+    group.sample_size(10);
+    group.measurement_time(Duration::from_secs(20));
+
+    group.bench_function(BenchmarkId::new("std", fixture.file_names.len()), |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let count = fixture.file_names.iter()
+                .filter(|name| fixture.path().join(name).exists())
+                .count();
+            black_box(count)
+        });
+    });
+
+    group.bench_function(BenchmarkId::new("opendal-fs", fixture.file_names.len()), |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let count = fixture.runtime.block_on(async {
+                let mut count = 0usize;
+                for name in &fixture.file_names {
+                    if fixture.operator.exists(name).await.expect("stat file") {
+                        count += 1;
+                    }
+                }
+                count
+            });
+            black_box(count)
+        });
+    });
+    group.finish();
+
+    // --- Write ---
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("file-access-write");
+    group.throughput(Throughput::Bytes(fixture.total_bytes as u64));
+    group.sample_size(10);
+    group.measurement_time(Duration::from_secs(60));
+
+    let write_chunk = build_random_data(file_size);
+
+    group.bench_function(BenchmarkId::new("std", fixture.total_bytes), |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for name in &fixture.file_names {
+                let mut file = File::create(fixture.path().join(name)).expect("create file");
+                file.write_all(&write_chunk).expect("write file");
+                file.sync_all().expect("sync file");
+            }
+            black_box(fixture.total_bytes)
+        });
+    });
+
+    group.bench_function(BenchmarkId::new("opendal-fs", fixture.total_bytes), |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            fixture.runtime.block_on(async {
+                for name in &fixture.file_names {
+                    fixture
+                        .operator
+                        .write(name, write_chunk.clone())
+                        .await
+                        .expect("write file");
+                }
+            });
+            black_box(fixture.total_bytes)
+        });
+    });
+    group.finish();
+
+    // --- Copy ---
+    let copy_dest = fixture.path().join("copy-dest");
+
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("file-access-copy");
+    group.throughput(Throughput::Bytes(fixture.total_bytes as u64));
+    group.sample_size(10);
+    group.measurement_time(Duration::from_secs(60));
+
+    group.bench_function(BenchmarkId::new("std", fixture.total_bytes), |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            fs::create_dir_all(&copy_dest).expect("create copy dir");
+            let mut copied = 0usize;
+            for name in &fixture.file_names {
+                let data = fs::read(fixture.path().join(name)).expect("read file");
+                let mut out = File::create(copy_dest.join(name)).expect("create file");
+                out.write_all(MAGIC_HEADER).expect("write header");
+                out.write_all(&data).expect("write data");
+                copied += data.len();
+            }
+            fs::remove_dir_all(&copy_dest).expect("remove copy dir");
+            black_box(copied)
+        });
+    });
+
+    group.bench_function(BenchmarkId::new("opendal-fs", fixture.total_bytes), |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            fixture.runtime.block_on(async {
+                for name in &fixture.file_names {
+                    let data = fixture.operator.read(name).await.expect("read file");
+                    let dest = format!("copy-dest/{name}");
+                    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(MAGIC_HEADER.len() + data.len());
+                    out.extend_from_slice(MAGIC_HEADER);
+                    out.extend_from_slice(&data.to_vec());
+                    fixture.operator.write(&dest, out).await.expect("write file");
+                }
+            });
+            let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&copy_dest);
+            black_box(fixture.total_bytes)
+        });
+    });
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+criterion_group!(benches, sha2_benchmarks, file_access_benchmarks);
+criterion_main!(benches);
\ No newline at end of file