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content/en/altinity-kb-setup-and-maintenance/users_in_keeper.md

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SYSTEM RELOAD USERS;
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```
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## 10. Keeper path structure and semantics (advanced)
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The following details are useful for advanced debugging or when inspecting Keeper paths manually.
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- `CREATE/ALTER/DROP` RBAC SQL: updates `uuid` and type/name index nodes in Keeper transactions;
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- runtime: watch callbacks refresh changed entities into local in-memory mirror.
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## 11. Low-level internals
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Advanced note:
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- each ClickHouse node keeps a local in-memory cache of all replicated access entities;
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- cache is updated from Keeper watch notifications (list/entity watches), so auth/lookup paths use local memory and not direct Keeper reads on each request.
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- primary cache: `MemoryAccessStorage` inside replicated access storage;
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- higher-level caches in `AccessControl` (`RoleCache`, `RowPolicyCache`, `QuotaCache`, `SettingsProfilesCache`) are updated/invalidated via access change notifications.
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## 11. Low-level internals behind real incidents
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- Read path is memory-backed (`MemoryAccessStorage` mirror), not direct Keeper reads per query.
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- Write path requires Keeper availability; if Keeper is down, RBAC writes fail while some reads can continue from loaded state.
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- Insert target is selected by storage order and writeability in `MultipleAccessStorage`; this is why leftover `local_directory` can hijack SQL user creation.
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- `ignore_on_cluster_for_replicated_access_entities_queries` is implemented as AST rewrite that removes `ON CLUSTER` for access queries when replicated access storage is enabled.
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## 12. Version and history highlights
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| Date | Change | Why it matters |

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